Hafnium vs Plutonium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf
Pu
Group Number
4
14
0
18
Period Number
6
7
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
CAS Number
7440586
30
7440075
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P121/m1
Space Group Number
194.00
5
11.00
13
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- Plutonium metal if obtain from ores of uranium metal.
- Plutonium metal is very sensitive to the change in atmospheric conditions like temperature and pressure.
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan
Discovery
In 1922
In Between 1940 1941
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
37
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
31
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
27
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- Plutonium was used in atomic bombs and still it is being used in various weapons and Ammunition industry.
- It is also used in nuclear power plant as source of energy for space missions.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
Not Available
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C
10
639.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C
5
3,235.00 °C
24
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa
6
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa
5
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s
27
2,260.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf
Pu
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
20
19
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.28
33
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.22
26
Allen Electronegativity
1.16
37
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.72
21
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol
40
584.70 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,128.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,084.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,338.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
2.28 g/amp-hr
22
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV
27
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72
99+
94
24
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Rn] 5f6 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Monoclinic (MON)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Plutonium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
72
99+
94
24
Number of Neutrons
106
29
150
11
Number of Electrons
72
99+
94
24
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm
28
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
187.00 pm
20
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu
39
244.00 amu
19
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol
38
12.32 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)
16
64.90 (-eV)
21
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm
99+
618.30 pm
4
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
NA
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
12
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3
26
19.82 g/cm3
13
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3
12
16.63 g/cm3
8
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa
8
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
2.20 (Pa)
12
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa
23
43.00 GPa
18
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
Not Available
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa
25
96.00 GPa
21
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
0.21
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.31
18
19.84
7
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m
14
1.46 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K
36
35.50 J/mol·K
3
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K
99+
6.74 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
46.70 µm/(m·K)
6
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol
5
344.00 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol
8
2.82 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol
5
360.00 kJ/mol
26
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K
34
Not Available
|
||
|
||
|
