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Hafnium vs Plutonium

Hafnium
Plutonium
Plutonium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Pu  
Group Number
4  
14
0  
18
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440075  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P121/m1  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
11.00  
13
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Plutonium metal if obtain from ores of uranium metal.
  • Plutonium metal is very sensitive to the change in atmospheric conditions like temperature and pressure.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan  
Discovery
In 1922  
In Between 1940 1941  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %  
25
Not Available  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %  
26
~-9999 %  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
Not Available  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
Not Available  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Plutonium was used in atomic bombs and still it is being used in various weapons and Ammunition industry.
  • It is also used in nuclear power plant as source of energy for space missions.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
Not Available  
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
Not Available  
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
639.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
3,235.00 °C  
24
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
NA  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
Not Available  
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Not Available  
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
5
Not Available  
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
27
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Pu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
32
1.28  
33
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
25
1.22  
26
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
37
Not Available  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.72  
21
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,084.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,338.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.28 g/amp-hr  
22
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
27
Not Available  
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72  
99+
94  
24
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Rn] 5f6 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Plutonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
94  
24
Number of Neutrons
106  
29
150  
11
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
94  
24
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
28
159.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
23
187.00 pm  
20
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
28
200.00 pm  
28
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
244.00 amu  
19
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
38
12.32 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Neptunium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Americium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
64.90 (-eV)  
21
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
618.30 pm  
4
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
NA  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
12
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
26
19.82 g/cm3  
13
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
12
16.63 g/cm3  
8
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
8
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
2.20 (Pa)  
12
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
23
43.00 GPa  
18
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
Not Available  
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
25
96.00 GPa  
21
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
18
19.84  
7
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
1.46 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
39
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
40
Not Available  
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
37
0.13 J/(kg K)  
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
36
35.50 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
6.74 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
46.70 µm/(m·K)  
6
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
5
344.00 kJ/mol  
25
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
2.82 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
360.00 kJ/mol  
26
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
34
Not Available  
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