Hafnium vs Tin
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf
Sn
Group Number
4
14
14
4
Period Number
6
5
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440586
30
7440315
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
I41/amd
Space Group Number
194.00
5
141.00
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
- In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
- Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Unknown
Discovery
In 1922
Before 3500 BC
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %
25
4 * 10-7 %
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000009 %
19
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
37
0.00 %
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
31
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
27
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
13
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
- Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
- Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
NA
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.38 Blood/mg dm-3
10
In Bone
Not Available
1.40 p.p.m.
16
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C
10
231.90 °C
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C
5
2,270.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa
6
50.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa
5
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s
27
2,730.00 m/s
32
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)
β Allotropes
Not Available
White Tin (Beta Tin)
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf
Sn
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.96
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.49
15
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.72
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.21
3
Allen Electronegativity
1.16
37
1.82
11
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.04
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol
40
708.60 kJ/mol
33
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,411.80 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,943.00 kJ/mol
30
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,930.30 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,456.00 kJ/mol
13
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV
27
4.42 eV
16
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72
99+
50
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Tetragonal (TETR)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Tin.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
72
99+
50
99+
Number of Neutrons
106
29
69
99+
Number of Electrons
72
99+
50
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm
28
140.00 pm
38
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm
23
139.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
217.00 pm
23
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu
39
118.71 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol
38
16.30 cm3/mol
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)
16
83.50 (-eV)
14
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm
99+
583.18 pm
7
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58
12
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3
26
7.37 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3
12
6.99 g/cm3
34
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa
8
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
17
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
24
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa
23
18.00 GPa
36
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
58.00 GPa
20
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa
25
50.00 GPa
36
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
0.36
8
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.31
18
7.31
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m
14
115.00 nΩ·m
28
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
0.09 106/cm Ω
23
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
107.30 kJ/mol
8
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
0.23 J/(kg K)
28
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K
36
27.11 J/mol·K
20
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K
99+
66.80 W/m·K
25
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
22.00 µm/(m·K)
20
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol
5
290.40 kJ/mol
32
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol
8
7.03 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol
5
301.30 kJ/mol
35
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K
34
51.20 J/mol.K
29
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