1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.6 Block
1.7 Element Family
1.8 CAS Number
74406007440326
7429905
54386242
1.10 Space Group Name
1.11 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
- Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %3 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
1.2.1 Abundance In Meteorites
1.4.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
1.7.1 Abundance In Oceans
1.9.1 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
-
Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.5 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,461.00 °C1,750.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C4,790.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.4 Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa390.00 MPa
0.14
3490
5.2.4 Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa295.00 MPa
121
3430
5.3 Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s
818
16200
6.2 Optical Properties
6.2.1 Refractive Index
6.3.1 Reflectivity
6.4 Allotropes
6.4.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.4.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.4.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
7.5 Electronegativity
7.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.5.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.5.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
7.6.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.7.2 Allen Electronegativity
8.3 Electropositivity
8.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.5 Ionization Energies
8.5.1 1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.5.4 3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.5.6 4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.5.8 5th Energy Level
8.5.10 6th Energy Level
8.5.11 7th Energy level
8.6.2 8th Energy Level
8.7.3 9th Energy Level
8.7.4 10th Energy Level
8.7.6 11th Energy Level
8.7.8 12th Energy Level
8.7.11 13th Energy Level
8.7.13 14th Energy Level
8.7.16 15th Energy Level
8.7.18 16th Energy Level
8.7.20 17th Energy Level
8.7.22 18th Energy Level
8.7.24 19th Energy Level
8.7.26 20th Energy Level
8.7.27 21st Energy Level
8.7.29 22nd Energy Level
8.7.31 23rd Energy Level
8.7.33 24th Energy Level
8.7.34 25th Energy Level
8.7.36 26th Energy Level
8.7.38 27th Energy Level
8.7.40 28th Energy Level
8.7.42 29th Energy Level
8.7.44 30th Energy Level
8.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
8.9 Electron Work Function
8.10 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
9 Atomic
9.1 Atomic Number
9.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
9.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
9.3.1 Crystal Lattice
9.4 Atom
9.4.1 Number of Protons
9.4.3 Number of Neutrons
9.5.1 Number of Electrons
9.7 Radius of an Atom
9.7.1 Atomic Radius
176.00 pm179.80 pm
112
265
10.1.1 Covalent Radius
192.00 pm206.00 pm
96
260
10.4.2 Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
10.5 Atomic Weight
164.93 amu232.04 amu
6.94
294
10.6 Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
1.4 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
1.4.1 Previous Element
1.4.2 Next Element
1.5 Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)
8
392.42
1.7 Lattice Constant
357.73 pm508.42 pm
228.58
891.25
1.8 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
1.9 Lattice C/A Ratio
2 Mechanical
2.1 Density
2.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
2.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.3 Tensile Strength
2.6 Viscosity
2.8 Vapor Pressure
2.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
2.11.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
3.3 Elasticity properties
3.3.1 Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa31.00 GPa
1.3
222
3.3.4 Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa54.00 GPa
1.6
462
3.4.1 Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa79.00 GPa
1.7
528
3.7 Poisson Ratio
1.2 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile
Ductile
2 Magnetic
2.1 Magnetic Characteristics
2.1.1 Specific Gravity
2.2.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
2.2.3 Permeability
2.2.7 Susceptibility
2.3 Electrical Properties
2.3.1 Electrical Property
2.3.2 Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
2.4.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
2.5.1 Electron Affinity
4 Thermal
4.1 Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
4.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
4.3 Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
4.5 Critical Temperature
4.6 Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
5.11 Enthalpy
5.11.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
5.11.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
5.11.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
5.12 Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1