1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-Transition
1.6 CAS Number
74399107440699
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Lanthanum metal is highly malleable, ductile and sectile.
- If exposed to air Lanthanum metal oxidizes rapidly.
- Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
- It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Claude François Geoffroy
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %7 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.000006 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.8 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.5.1 Abundance In Oceans
2.6.1 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has no commercial uses, but its alloys are in high demand. Lanthanum and Nickel alloy is used for the hydrogen gas storage.
- The best-known use for mischmetal alloy of Lanthanum is; as a ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters.
- Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
3.2.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.1 Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
4.1.2 Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA0.02 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.4 In Bone
0.08 p.p.m.0.20 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
920.00 °C271.30 °C
27
3410
5.2 Boiling Point
3,469.00 °C1,560.00 °C
147
5660
5.3 Appearance
5.3.1 Physical State
5.3.2 Color
5.3.3 Luster
5.4 Hardness
5.4.1 Mohs Hardness
5.4.3 Brinell Hardness
350.00 MPa70.00 MPa
0.14
3490
5.4.4 Vickers Hardness
5.6 Speed of Sound
2,475.00 m/s1,790.00 m/s
818
16200
5.7 Optical Properties
5.7.1 Refractive Index
5.7.3 Reflectivity
5.8 Allotropes
5.8.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.8.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.8.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.4 Electronegativity
6.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.5.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.5.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.5.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
6.7.1 Allen Electronegativity
6.9 Electropositivity
6.9.1 Pauling Electropositivity
6.12 Ionization Energies
6.12.1 1st Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.1.2 2nd Energy Level
1,067.00 kJ/mol1,610.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
7.1.3 3rd Energy Level
1,850.30 kJ/mol2,466.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.1.5 4th Energy Level
4,819.00 kJ/mol4,370.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
7.2.1 5th Energy Level
5,940.00 kJ/mol5,400.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
7.3.1 6th Energy Level
NA8,520.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
7.4.2 7th Energy level
7.4.4 8th Energy Level
7.5.2 9th Energy Level
7.5.3 10th Energy Level
7.5.5 11th Energy Level
7.5.7 12th Energy Level
7.6.1 13th Energy Level
8.1.2 14th Energy Level
8.1.5 15th Energy Level
8.1.7 16th Energy Level
8.2.3 17th Energy Level
8.2.5 18th Energy Level
8.2.6 19th Energy Level
8.2.8 20th Energy Level
8.2.9 21st Energy Level
9.1.1 22nd Energy Level
9.2.1 23rd Energy Level
9.3.1 24th Energy Level
9.3.2 25th Energy Level
9.4.1 26th Energy Level
9.4.2 27th Energy Level
9.5.1 28th Energy Level
9.5.2 29th Energy Level
9.6.2 30th Energy Level
9.7 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.73 g/amp-hr2.60 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.8 Electron Work Function
9.9 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 5d2 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
10.4 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
10.5.2 Number of Neutrons
10.5.3 Number of Electrons
10.6 Radius of an Atom
10.6.1 Atomic Radius
187.00 pm156.00 pm
112
265
10.6.2 Covalent Radius
207.00 pm148.00 pm
96
260
10.6.3 Van der Waals Radius
240.00 pm207.00 pm
139
348
10.7 Atomic Weight
138.91 amu208.98 amu
6.94
294
10.8 Atomic Volume
20.73 cm3/mol21.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.9.1 Previous Element
10.9.2 Next Element
10.10 Valence Electron Potential
40.71 (-eV)41.90 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.11 Lattice Constant
377.20 pm667.40 pm
228.58
891.25
10.12 Lattice Angles
10.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.16 g/cm39.78 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.94 g/cm310.05 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
14.30 GPa12.00 GPa
1.3
222
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
27.90 GPa31.00 GPa
1.6
462
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
36.60 GPa32.00 GPa
1.7
528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
12.1.3 Permeability
NA0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
615.00 nΩ·m1.29 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
48.00 kJ/mol91.20 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
13.40 W/m·K7.97 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
12.10 µm/(m·K)13.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
399.60 kJ/mol151.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.20 kJ/mol10.90 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
431.00 kJ/mol207.10 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
56.90 J/mol.K56.70 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1