Symbol
La
Th
Group Number
30
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
67
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Actinide
CAS Number
74399107440326
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Lanthanum metal is highly malleable, ductile and sectile.
- If exposed to air Lanthanum metal oxidizes rapidly.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1838
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.05 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.66 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It has no commercial uses, but its alloys are in high demand. Lanthanum and Nickel alloy is used for the hydrogen gas storage.
- The best-known use for mischmetal alloy of Lanthanum is; as a ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.08 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
920.00 °C1,750.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
3,469.00 °C4,790.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
-
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.503.00
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
350.00 MPa390.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
360.00 MPa295.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,475.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.801.60
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
70.00 %15.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
La
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3128
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.101.30
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.101.30
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.081.11
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.101.30
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.101.30
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.902.70
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,067.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
1,850.30 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
4,819.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,940.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,380.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
53,800.00 kJ/mol58,700.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
53,800.00 kJ/mol58,700.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol5,870.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
5,380.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
538.00 kJ/mol587.40 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.73 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV3.41 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Number
5790
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 5d2 6s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
5790
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
82142
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
5790
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
187.00 pm179.80 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
207.00 pm206.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
240.00 pm237.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
138.91 amu232.04 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
20.73 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
40.71 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
377.20 pm508.42 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.621.10
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.16 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.94 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
45.00 MPa75.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
14.30 GPa31.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
27.90 GPa54.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
36.60 GPa79.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.280.27
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.1711.70
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
615.00 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
48.00 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
13.40 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,193.00 K2,023.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
12.10 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
399.60 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.20 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
431.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
56.90 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻