1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74399107440655
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Lanthanum metal is highly malleable, ductile and sectile.
- If exposed to air Lanthanum metal oxidizes rapidly.
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Johan Gadolin
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %7 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has no commercial uses, but its alloys are in high demand. Lanthanum and Nickel alloy is used for the hydrogen gas storage.
- The best-known use for mischmetal alloy of Lanthanum is; as a ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters.
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
-
It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.08 p.p.m.0.07 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
920.00 °C1,523.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,469.00 °C3,337.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
350.00 MPa589.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,475.00 m/s3,300.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
538.10 kJ/mol600.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,067.00 kJ/mol1,180.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
1,850.30 kJ/mol1,980.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,819.00 kJ/mol5,847.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
5,940.00 kJ/mol7,430.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA8,970.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA11,190.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA12,450.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA14,110.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA18,400.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA19,900.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NA36,090.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.73 g/amp-hr1.11 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 5d2 6s2
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
187.00 pm180.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
207.00 pm190.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
240.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
138.91 amu88.91 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
20.73 cm3/mol19.80 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
40.71 (-eV)48.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
377.20 pm364.74 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.16 g/cm34.47 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.94 g/cm34.24 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)4.27 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
14.30 GPa25.60 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
27.90 GPa41.20 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
36.60 GPa63.50 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
615.00 nΩ·m596.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
48.00 kJ/mol29.60 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.30 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K26.53 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
13.40 W/m·K17.20 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
12.10 µm/(m·K)10.60 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
399.60 kJ/mol393.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.20 kJ/mol17.15 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
431.00 kJ/mol418.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
56.90 J/mol.K44.40 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1