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Lawrencium vs Gadolinium

Lawrencium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Lawrencium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Lr  
Gd  
Group Number
3  
15
0  
18
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
22537195  
15
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is synthetically produced metal.
  • Radiation hazard can be produce by it.
  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Bombarding Californium-252 with Boron Nuclei, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1961–1971  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Lawrencium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,627.00 °C  
20
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
0.00 °C  
99+
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
500.00 MPa  
28
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
500.00 MPa  
35
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Lr  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
10  
28
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,428.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,228.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,910.00 kJ/mol  
31
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
15
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
12
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
860.00 kJ/mol  
17
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
27
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
388.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
32
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
546.10 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
594.70 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
478.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.23 g/amp-hr  
12
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
103  
15
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
103  
15
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
93  
38
Number of Electrons
103  
15
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
162.00 pm  
31
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
246.00 pm  
12
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
266.00 amu  
12
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
35.10 cm3/mol  
7
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nobelium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Rutherfordium
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
530.00 pm  
14
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
22
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.00 g/cm3  
22
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.60 g/cm3  
20
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
15.00 GPa  
99+
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
210.00 GPa  
10
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.60  
22
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
23
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
8.37 nΩ·m  
99+
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.22 J/(kg K)  
29
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
341.90 kJ/mol  
37
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
54.80 J/mol.K  
35
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
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