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Lawrencium vs Hafnium

Lawrencium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Lawrencium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Lr  
Hf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
22537195  
15
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is synthetically produced metal.
  • Radiation hazard can be produce by it.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Bombarding Californium-252 with Boron Nuclei, Found in Minerals, Mining  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1961–1971  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Lawrencium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,627.00 °C  
20
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
0.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
500.00 MPa  
28
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
500.00 MPa  
35
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Lr  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
10  
28
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,428.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,228.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,910.00 kJ/mol  
31
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
15
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
12
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
860.00 kJ/mol  
17
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
27
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
388.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
32
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
546.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
594.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
478.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.23 g/amp-hr  
12
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
103  
15
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
103  
15
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
106  
30
Number of Electrons
103  
15
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
162.00 pm  
31
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
246.00 pm  
12
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
266.00 amu  
12
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
35.10 cm3/mol  
7
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Nobelium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Rutherfordium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
530.00 pm  
14
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
22
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.00 g/cm3  
22
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.60 g/cm3  
20
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
15.00 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
210.00 GPa  
10
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.60  
22
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
23
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
8.37 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.22 J/(kg K)  
29
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
341.90 kJ/mol  
37
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
54.80 J/mol.K  
35
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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