Symbol
Li
Pb
Group Number
114
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
26
2
7
👆🏻
Block
s block
p block
Element Family
Alkali
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74399327439921
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00225.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Heat capacity of Lithium is very high.
- Lithium inflammable and highly explosive metal, hence it has to be stored properly.
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Johan August Arfwedson
-
Discovery
In 1817
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- The main usage of Lithium is manufacturing rechargeable batteries for electronic equipment and gadgets.
- it is also used in manufacturing non-rechargeable batteries.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
-
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.21 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
1.30 p.p.m.30.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
180.54 °C327.50 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
1,347.00 °C1,740.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
-
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.601.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
5.00 MPa38.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
5.30 MPa38.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
6,000.00 m/s1,190.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.352.02
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
95.00 %5.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Li
Pb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
835
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.981.87
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.892.29
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.971.55
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.972.41
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
0.911.85
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.021.67
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
7,298.10 kJ/mol1,450.50 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
11,815.00 kJ/mol3,081.50 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol4,083.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,200.00 kJ/mol6,640.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,200.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,202.00 kJ/mol7,156.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
730.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,200.00 kJ/mol7,156.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
520.00 kJ/mol7,156.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,202.00 kJ/mol7,156.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
5,200.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,200.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
52,000.00 kJ/mol71,500.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
52,000.00 kJ/mol71,500.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
520.00 kJ/mol7,150.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
520.00 kJ/mol715.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
520.00 kJ/mol715.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
520.00 kJ/mol715.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
520.00 kJ/mol715.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.26 g/amp-hr3.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
2.90 eV4.25 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Number
382
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
382
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
4125
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
382
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
152.00 pm175.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
128.00 pm146.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
182.00 pm202.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
6.94 amu207.20 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol18.17 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
19.00 (-eV)24.20 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
351.00 pm495.08 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.621.51
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
0.53 g/cm311.34 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.51 g/cm310.66 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
60.00 MPa12.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
109.00 (Pa)1.64 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
4.20 GPa5.60 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
11.00 GPa46.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
4.90 GPa16.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.360.44
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
-
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
0.5311.35
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
92.80 nΩ·m208.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
59.60 kJ/mol35.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
3.60 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
24.86 J/mol·K26.65 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
84.80 W/m·K35.30 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
3,223.00 K600.61 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
46.00 µm/(m·K)28.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
134.70 kJ/mol179.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.00 kJ/mol4.77 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
160.70 kJ/mol194.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
29.10 J/mol.K64.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻