Manganese

Thorium

Manganese Thorium Comparison

Manganese

Thorium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Actinide

1.6 CAS Number

74399657440326

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

I_ 43m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

217.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Manganese is an essential trace element in all forms of life.
Manganese metal oxidizes very easily, but it does not fuse that easily.

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Found in Minerals, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Johann Gottlieb Gahn

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1774

In 1829

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

8 * 10^-4 %3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.001 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.27 %0.05 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.11 %0.66 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

This metal is very brittle hence it mostly not used as a pure metal, but its alloys are very useful
Its alloy Manganese steel is extremely strong and used in railway tracks, safes, prison bars and riffle barrels.

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.08 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

100.00 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,245.00 °C1,750.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,962.00 °C4,790.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

6.003.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

196.00 MPa390.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA295.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

5,150.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2128

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.551.30

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.20NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.601.11

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.75NA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.452.70

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

717.30 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,509.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,248.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

4,940.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

6,990.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

9,220.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

11,500.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

18,770.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

21,400.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

23,960.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

27,590.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

30,330.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

33,150.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

38,880.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

41,987.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

109,480.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

118,100.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

127,100.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

138,600.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

148,500.00 kJ/molNA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

158,600.00 kJ/molNA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

172,500.00 kJ/molNA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

181,380.00 kJ/molNA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.29 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.10 eV3.41 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

2590

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

2590

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

30142

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

2590

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

127.00 pm179.80 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

139.00 pm206.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm237.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

54.94 amu232.04 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

1.39 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

220.00 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

891.25 pm508.42 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

7.21 g/cm³11.72 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

5.95 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA31.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

120.00 GPa54.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

198.00 GPa79.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.27

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

7.2111.70

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Superconductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

1.44 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.01 10⁶/cm Ω0.07 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

0.00 kJ/molNA

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.48 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.32 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

7.81 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

21.70 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

219.70 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

14.64 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

280.30 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

32.00 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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