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Neptunium vs Gadolinium

Neptunium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium vs Neptunium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Np  
Gd  
Group Number
3  
15
0  
18
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7439998  
99+
7440542  
33
Space Group Name
Pnma  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
62.00  
14
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
Neptunium was the first transuranium element to be discovered.  
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Uranium with Neutrons, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson  
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac  
Discovery
In 1940  
In 1880  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Neptunium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  • Neptunium’s isotope neptunium-237 is used as a neutron detectors.
  
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
640.00 °C  
99+
1,311.00 °C  
35
Boiling Point
3,902.00 °C  
13
3,233.00 °C  
26
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
4.50  
10
Brinell Hardness
622.00 MPa  
23
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
640.00 MPa  
23
510.00 MPa  
34
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.97  
16
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Np  
Gd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
1.20  
40
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.36  
23
1.20  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
1.20  
39
Allen Electronegativity
1.36  
37
1.20  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
2.80  
15
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,170.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,997.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,242.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,250.00 kJ/mol  
40
5th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,785.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
61,800.00 kJ/mol  
13
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
17
13th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
36
15th Energy Level
60,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
60,420.00 kJ/mol  
31
59,300.00 kJ/mol  
37
17th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,930.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
17
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
40
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
18
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
593.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.96 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
93  
25
64  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2  
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Neptunium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
93  
25
64  
99+
Number of Neutrons
144  
15
93  
38
Number of Electrons
93  
25
64  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
155.00 pm  
32
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm  
18
196.00 pm  
14
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm  
27
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
237.00 amu  
22
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
11.62 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Uranium
  
Europium
  
Next Element
Plutonium
  
Terbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
96.00 (-eV)  
9
46.10 (-eV)  
35
Lattice Constant
666.30 pm  
3
363.60 pm  
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.43  
99+
1.59  
29
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.38 g/cm3  
14
7.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.25 g/cm3  
10
7.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
125.00 MPa  
26
158.00 MPa  
23
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.11 (Pa)  
17
7.39 (Pa)  
9
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
21.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
37.90 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
54.80 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.26  
23
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
20.25  
15
7.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
6
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.22 nΩ·m  
99+
1.31 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
118.60 kJ/mol  
6
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.23 J/(kg K)  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
29.46 J/mol·K  
10
37.03 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
6.30 W/m·K  
99+
10.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
913.00 K  
99+
1,585.00 K  
38
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
9.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
336.00 kJ/mol  
39
359.40 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.20 kJ/mol  
99+
10.05 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
275.30 kJ/mol  
99+
352.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
64.00 J/mol.K  
21
68.10 J/mol.K  
16
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