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Neptunium vs Palladium

Neptunium
Palladium
Palladium vs Neptunium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Np  
Pd  
Group Number
3  
15
10  
8
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439998  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
Pnma  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
62.00  
14
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
Neptunium was the first transuranium element to be discovered.  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Uranium with Neutrons, Ores of metals  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1940  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Neptunium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  • Neptunium’s isotope neptunium-237 is used as a neutron detectors.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
640.00 °C  
99+
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
3,902.00 °C  
13
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
622.00 MPa  
23
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
640.00 MPa  
23
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Np  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.36  
23
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.36  
37
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
1,997.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
3,242.00 kJ/mol  
99+
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
5,785.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
61,800.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
29
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
60,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
60,420.00 kJ/mol  
31
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
17
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
40
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
6,040.00 kJ/mol  
18
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
604.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
93  
25
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Neptunium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
93  
25
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
144  
15
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
93  
25
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
155.00 pm  
32
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm  
18
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm  
27
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
237.00 amu  
22
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
11.62 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Uranium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Plutonium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
96.00 (-eV)  
9
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
666.30 pm  
3
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.43  
99+
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.38 g/cm3  
14
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.25 g/cm3  
10
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
125.00 MPa  
26
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.11 (Pa)  
17
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
20.25  
15
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
6
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.22 nΩ·m  
99+
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
118.60 kJ/mol  
6
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
29.46 J/mol·K  
10
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
6.30 W/m·K  
99+
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
913.00 K  
99+
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
336.00 kJ/mol  
39
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.20 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
275.30 kJ/mol  
99+
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
64.00 J/mol.K  
21
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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