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Nickel vs Cobalt

Nickel
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Nickel


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni   
Co   
Group Number
10   
8
9   
9
Period Number
4   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440020   
99+
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In 1751   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-3 %   
4
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.008 %   
3
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %   
3
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
15
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
13
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
14
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C   
31
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C   
38
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00   
10
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa   
18
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa   
16
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s   
12
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
72.00 %   
9
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ni   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25   
14
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91   
10
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94   
10
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75   
3
1.70   
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.88   
6
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09   
99+
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV   
2
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
28   
99+
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28   
99+
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
31   
99+
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
28   
99+
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm   
99+
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm   
99+
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm   
99+
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3   
29
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa   
11
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)   
6
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa   
12
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa   
11
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
0.31   
13
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90   
33
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Permeability
0.00 H/m   
2
Not Available   
Susceptibility
600.00   
2
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K   
18
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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