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Niobium
Niobium

Ruthenium
Ruthenium



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Niobium
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Ruthenium

Niobium Ruthenium Comparison

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Nb
Ru
1.2 Group Number
Tennessine Metal
5
Rank: 13 (Overall)
8
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Gadolinium Metal
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1.3 Period Number
Uranium Metal
5
Rank: 3 (Overall)
5
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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1.4 Block
d block
d block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
Roentgenium Met..
7440031
Rank: 76 (Overall)
7440188
Rank: 61 (Overall)
Aluminium Metal
1.7 Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
Sodium Metal
229.00
Rank: 1 (Overall)
194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Karl Ernst Claus
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1801
In 1844
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
Iron Metal
2 * 10-7 %
Rank: 22 (Overall)
4 * 10-7 %
Rank: 20 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
Iron Metal
~0.0000004 %
Rank: 23 (Overall)
~0.0000005 %
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
Iron Metal
0.00 %
Rank: 35 (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Gold Metal
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2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
Aluminium Metal
0.00 %
Rank: 25 (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 54 (Overall)
Radium Metal
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2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
Sodium Metal
0.00 %
Rank: 34 (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 38 (Overall)
Protactinium Metal
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
Calcium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Radium Metal
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3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Low Toxic
Low Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
60% Transition Metals Metals have it !
60% Transition Metals Metals have it !
3.2.3 In Blood
Sodium Metal
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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3.2.4 In Bone
Calcium Metal
0.07 p.p.m.
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
Tungsten Metal
2,468.00 °C
Rank: 6 (Overall)
2,250.00 °C
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Francium Metal
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4.2 Boiling Point
Tungsten Metal
2,468.00 °C
Rank: 45 (Overall)
3,900.00 °C
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Flerovium Metal
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4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Gray
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
Chromium Metal
6.00
Rank: 6 (Overall)
6.50
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
Osmium Metal
735.00 MPa
Rank: 14 (Overall)
2,160.00 MPa
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
Tungsten Metal
870.00 MPa
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Palladium Metal
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4.5 Speed of Sound
Technetium Metal
3,480.00 m/s
Rank: 21 (Overall)
5,970.00 m/s
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
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4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
Palladium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
4.6.2 Reflectivity
Silver Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
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4.7 Allotropes
6% Transition Metals Metals have it !
6% Transition Metals Metals have it !
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Nb
Ru
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
Palladium Metal
17
Rank: 22 (Overall)
26
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Tennessine Metal
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5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
Gold Metal
1.60
Rank: 23 (Overall)
2.20
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Francium Metal
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5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
Cobalt Metal
1.42
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Gallium Metal
1.23
Rank: 25 (Overall)
1.42
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Polonium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
Berkelium Metal
1.41
Rank: 31 (Overall)
1.54
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
Francium Metal
2.40
Rank: 31 (Overall)
1.80
Rank: 49 (Overall)
Gold Metal
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5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
Chromium Metal
652.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 41 (Overall)
710.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
Chromium Metal
1,380.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 50 (Overall)
710.22 kJ/mol
Rank: 83 (Overall)
Ruthenium Metal
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5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
Chromium Metal
2,416.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 50 (Overall)
2,747.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Osmium Metal
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5.5.4 4th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
3,700.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 49 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Thorium Metal
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5.5.5 5th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
4,877.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Dubnium Metal
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5.5.6 6th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
9,847.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Seaborgium Metal
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5.5.7 7th Energy level
Chromium Metal
12,100.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bohrium Metal
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5.5.8 8th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Hassium Metal
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5.5.9 9th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
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5.5.10 10th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Strontium Metal
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
Magnesium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
Magnesium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
Titanium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
Vanadium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Manganese Metal
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
Manganese Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Iron Metal
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cobalt Metal
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
Cobalt Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Nickel Metal
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5.5.19 19th Energy Level
Nickel Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Copper Metal
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
Zinc Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
Zinc Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
Copper Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
Copper Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
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5.5.25 25th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
Francium Metal
0.69 g/amp-hr
Rank: 66 (Overall)
1.26 g/amp-hr
Rank: 51 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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5.7 Electron Work Function
Platinum Metal
4.30 eV
Rank: 18 (Overall)
4.71 eV
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
Tennessine Metal
41
Rank: 71 (Overall)
44
Rank: 68 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
Tennessine Metal
41
Rank: 70 (Overall)
44
Rank: 67 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
Flerovium Metal
52
Rank: 53 (Overall)
57
Rank: 50 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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6.4.3 Number of Electrons
Tennessine Metal
41
Rank: 70 (Overall)
44
Rank: 67 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
Cesium Metal
146.00 pm
Rank: 35 (Overall)
134.00 pm
Rank: 43 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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6.5.2 Covalent Radius
Francium Metal
164.00 pm
Rank: 28 (Overall)
146.00 pm
Rank: 38 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
Francium Metal
200.00 pm
Rank: 28 (Overall)
200.00 pm
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
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6.6 Atomic Weight
Tennessine Metal
92.91 amu
Rank: 65 (Overall)
101.07 amu
Rank: 62 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
6.7 Atomic Volume
Cesium Metal
10.87 cm3/mol
Rank: 45 (Overall)
8.30 cm3/mol
Rank: 59 (Overall)
Manganese Metal
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
Platinum Metal
104.00 (-eV)
Rank: 8 (Overall)
64.00 (-eV)
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Francium Metal
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6.10 Lattice Constant
Manganese Metal
330.04 pm
Rank: 51 (Overall)
270.59 pm
Rank: 67 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
Cadmium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
1.58
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
Hassium Metal
8.57 g/cm3
Rank: 48 (Overall)
12.45 g/cm3
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Osmium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
10.65 g/cm3
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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7.2 Tensile Strength
Iron Metal
330.00 MPa
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Indium Metal
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7.3 Viscosity
Mercury Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Strontium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cerium Metal
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7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Chromium Metal
0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 27 (Overall)
0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 23 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
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7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
Osmium Metal
38.00 GPa
Rank: 19 (Overall)
173.00 GPa
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Potassium Metal
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7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
Osmium Metal
170.00 GPa
Rank: 10 (Overall)
220.00 GPa
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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7.5.3 Young's Modulus
Iridium Metal
105.00 GPa
Rank: 20 (Overall)
447.00 GPa
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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7.6 Poisson Ratio
Gallium Metal
0.40
Rank: 4 (Overall)
0.30
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
Cobalt Metal
8.57
Rank: 37 (Overall)
12.45
Rank: 19 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
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8.1.4 Susceptibility
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
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8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
Mercury Metal
152.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 23 (Overall)
71.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 38 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
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8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
Silver Metal
0.07 106/cm Ω
Rank: 28 (Overall)
0.14 106/cm Ω
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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8.2.4 Electron Affinity
Gold Metal
86.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 12 (Overall)
101.30 kJ/mol
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
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9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
Lithium Metal
0.26 J/(kg K)
Rank: 20 (Overall)
0.24 J/(kg K)
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Americium Metal
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
Americium Metal
24.60 J/mol·K
Rank: 50 (Overall)
24.06 J/mol·K
Rank: 54 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
Silver Metal
53.70 W/m·K
Rank: 29 (Overall)
117.00 W/m·K
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Neptunium Metal
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9.4 Critical Temperature
Lithium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium Metal
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9.5 Thermal Expansion
Cesium Metal
7.30 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 48 (Overall)
6.40 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 51 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
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9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
Tungsten Metal
696.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 4 (Overall)
567.80 kJ/mol
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
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9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
Tungsten Metal
27.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
25.50 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
Tungsten Metal
745.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 4 (Overall)
603.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 9 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
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9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
Protactinium Me..
36.40 J/mol.K
Rank: 42 (Overall)
28.50 J/mol.K
Rank: 54 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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