1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74400317440484
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Georg Brandt
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %3 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.8 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.11 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.14 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
-
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.04 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.6 In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.0.04 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,468.00 °C1,495.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C2,870.00 °C
147
5660
4.5 Appearance
4.5.1 Physical State
4.5.2 Color
4.5.3 Luster
4.6 Hardness
4.6.1 Mohs Hardness
5.1.1 Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa470.00 MPa
0.14
3490
5.4.2 Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa1,043.00 MPa
121
3430
5.5 Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s4,720.00 m/s
818
16200
5.6 Optical Properties
5.6.1 Refractive Index
5.6.3 Reflectivity
5.7 Allotropes
5.8.2 α Allotropes
5.8.3 β Allotropes
5.8.4 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.3 Electronegativity
6.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.4.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.5.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
6.7.1 Allen Electronegativity
6.9 Electropositivity
6.9.1 Pauling Electropositivity
6.10 Ionization Energies
6.10.1 1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.1.2 2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol1,648.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
7.1.3 3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol3,232.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.1.5 4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol4,950.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
7.2.1 5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol7,670.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
7.3.1 6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol9,840.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
7.4.2 7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol12,440.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
7.4.4 8th Energy Level
NA15,230.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
7.5.2 9th Energy Level
NA17,959.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
7.5.4 10th Energy Level
NA26,570.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
7.5.6 11th Energy Level
NA29,400.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
7.6.1 12th Energy Level
NA32,400.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
8.1.4 13th Energy Level
NA36,600.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
8.1.6 14th Energy Level
NA39,700.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
8.2.3 15th Energy Level
NA42,800.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
8.2.5 16th Energy Level
NA49,396.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
8.2.7 17th Energy Level
NA52,737.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
8.2.8 18th Energy Level
NA134,810.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
9.1.1 19th Energy Level
NA145,170.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
9.2.1 20th Energy Level
NA154,700.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
9.2.2 21st Energy Level
NA167,400.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
9.3.1 22nd Energy Level
NA178,100.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
9.4.1 23rd Energy Level
NA189,300.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
9.4.2 24th Energy Level
9.5.1 25th Energy Level
9.6.2 26th Energy Level
9.6.3 27th Energy Level
9.6.5 28th Energy Level
9.6.6 29th Energy Level
9.6.8 30th Energy Level
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.2 Number of Neutrons
10.4.3 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
146.00 pm147.00 pm
112
265
10.5.2 Covalent Radius
164.00 pm160.00 pm
96
260
10.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
10.6 Atomic Weight
92.91 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
10.7 Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol10.64 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.8.1 Previous Element
10.8.2 Next Element
10.9 Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)95.20 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.10 Lattice Constant
330.04 pm295.08 pm
228.58
891.25
10.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm34.51 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.2 Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa434.00 MPa
2.5
11000
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.98 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa44.00 GPa
1.3
222
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa110.00 GPa
1.6
462
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa116.00 GPa
1.7
528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m420.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol7.60 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)0.52 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K25.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K21.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)8.60 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1