Symbol
Nb
Rb
Group Number
51
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
55
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkali
CAS Number
74400317440177
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00229.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Obtained from Lithium Production.
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Discovery
In 1801
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.01 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
-
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-32.49 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.5.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C38.89 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C688.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Grayish White
Luster
Metallic
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.000.30
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa0.22 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa0.22 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s1,300.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
2.301.54
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
70.00 %52.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Nb
Rb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
1729
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.600.82
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.420.31
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.230.89
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.600.69
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.410.71
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.403.18
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol2,633.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol3,860.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol5,080.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol6,850.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol8,140.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol9,570.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol13,120.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol14,500.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol26,740.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol4,030.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol4,030.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol4,030.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol4,030.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol40,300.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol40,300.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol4,030.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr3.19 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV2.16 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Number
4137
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Kr] 5s1
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
4137
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
5248
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
4137
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm248.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm220.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm303.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu85.47 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol55.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)9.47 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm558.50 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.471.59
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm31.53 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm31.46 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa30.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa2.50 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa2.50 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa2.40 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.400.37
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.571.53
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m128.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol46.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)0.36 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K31.06 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K58.20 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K2,093.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)90.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol69.20 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol2.19 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol82.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K76.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻