1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74400427440542
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
- But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
2.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Smithson Tennant
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-7 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
-
It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
1.1.1 In Bone
2 Physical
2.1 Melting Point
3,045.00 °C1,311.00 °C
27
3410
2.2 Boiling Point
5,027.00 °C3,233.00 °C
147
5660
2.5 Appearance
2.5.1 Physical State
2.5.2 Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Silvery White
2.5.3 Luster
2.6 Hardness
2.6.1 Mohs Hardness
2.6.3 Brinell Hardness
2.6.5 Vickers Hardness
2.8 Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s2,680.00 m/s
818
16200
2.10 Optical Properties
2.10.1 Refractive Index
2.10.3 Reflectivity
2.11 Allotropes
2.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
2.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
2.12.4 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
3 Chemical
3.1 Chemical Formula
3.2 Isotopes
3.2.1 Known Isotopes
3.3 Electronegativity
3.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
3.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
3.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
3.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
3.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
3.4 Electropositivity
3.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
3.5 Ionization Energies
3.5.1 1st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
3.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,309.80 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
3.5.3 3rd Energy Level
1,600.00 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
3.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA4,250.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
3.5.5 5th Energy Level
3.5.6 6th Energy Level
3.5.7 7th Energy level
3.5.8 8th Energy Level
3.5.9 9th Energy Level
3.5.10 10th Energy Level
3.5.11 11th Energy Level
3.5.12 12th Energy Level
3.5.13 13th Energy Level
3.5.14 14th Energy Level
3.5.15 15th Energy Level
3.5.16 16th Energy Level
3.5.17 17th Energy Level
3.5.18 18th Energy Level
3.5.19 19th Energy Level
3.5.20 20th Energy Level
3.5.21 21st Energy Level
3.5.22 22nd Energy Level
3.5.23 23rd Energy Level
3.5.24 24th Energy Level
3.5.25 25th Energy Level
3.5.26 26th Energy Level
3.5.27 27th Energy Level
3.5.28 28th Energy Level
3.5.29 29th Energy Level
3.5.30 30th Energy Level
3.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr1.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
3.7 Electron Work Function
3.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
4 Atomic
4.1 Atomic Number
4.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
4.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
4.3.1 Crystal Lattice
4.4 Atom
4.4.1 Number of Protons
4.4.2 Number of Neutrons
4.4.3 Number of Electrons
4.5 Radius of an Atom
4.5.1 Atomic Radius
133.80 pm180.00 pm
112
265
4.5.2 Covalent Radius
4.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
4.6 Atomic Weight
190.23 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
4.7 Atomic Volume
8.49 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
4.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
4.8.1 Previous Element
4.8.2 Next Element
4.9 Valence Electron Potential
91.40 (-eV)46.10 (-eV)
8
392.42
4.10 Lattice Constant
273.44 pm363.60 pm
228.58
891.25
4.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
4.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
5 Mechanical
5.1 Density
5.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
22.59 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
5.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.00 g/cm37.40 g/cm3
0.512
20
5.2 Tensile Strength
5.3 Viscosity
5.4 Vapor Pressure
5.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
5.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)7.39 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
5.5 Elasticity properties
5.5.1 Shear Modulus
222.00 GPa21.80 GPa
1.3
222
5.5.2 Bulk Modulus
462.00 GPa37.90 GPa
1.6
462
5.5.3 Young's Modulus
5.6 Poisson Ratio
5.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
6 Magnetic
6.1 Magnetic Characteristics
6.1.1 Specific Gravity
6.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
6.1.3 Permeability
6.1.4 Susceptibility
6.2 Electrical Properties
6.2.1 Electrical Property
6.2.2 Resistivity
81.20 nΩ·m1.31 nΩ·m
0.18
961
6.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
6.2.4 Electron Affinity
106.10 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
7 Thermal
7.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
7.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.70 J/mol·K37.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
7.3 Thermal Conductivity
87.60 W/m·K10.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
7.4 Critical Temperature
7.5 Thermal Expansion
5.10 µm/(m·K)9.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
7.6 Enthalpy
7.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
627.60 kJ/mol359.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
7.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
29.30 kJ/mol10.05 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
7.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
669.00 kJ/mol352.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
7.7 Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K68.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1