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Plutonium vs Berkelium

Plutonium
Berkelium
Berkelium vs Plutonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pu  
Bk  
Group Number
0  
18
14  
4
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440075  
99+
7440406  
99+
Space Group Name
P121/m1  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
11.00  
16
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Plutonium metal if obtain from ores of uranium metal.
  • Plutonium metal is very sensitive to the change in atmospheric conditions like temperature and pressure.
  
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In Between 1940 1941  
In 1949  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Plutonium was used in atomic bombs and still it is being used in various weapons and Ammunition industry.
  • It is also used in nuclear power plant as source of energy for space missions.
  
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
639.50 °C  
99+
986.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,235.00 °C  
25
2,627.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
627.00 MPa  
22
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
617.00 MPa  
26
1,070.00 MPa  
16
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
68.00 %  
15
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pu  
Bk  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
14  
25
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.28  
34
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.28  
26
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.28  
99+
2.70  
1
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.72  
21
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,084.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,338.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
58,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
13th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
39
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
15th Energy Level
58,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,400.00 kJ/mol  
40
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
17th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
584.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
22nd Energy Level
584.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
24th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
584.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.28 g/amp-hr  
26
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
Electron Work Function
3.88 eV  
38
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
94  
24
97  
21
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f6 7s2  
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Plutonium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
94  
24
97  
21
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
150  
12
Number of Electrons
94  
24
97  
21
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
187.00 pm  
20
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
244.00 amu  
19
247.00 amu  
18
Atomic Volume
12.32 cm3/mol  
99+
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neptunium
  
Curium
  
Next Element
Americium
  
Californium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.90 (-eV)  
21
45.50 (-eV)  
37
Lattice Constant
618.30 pm  
4
341.60 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.74  
6
1.57  
38
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.82 g/cm3  
13
14.78 g/cm3  
23
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
16.63 g/cm3  
18
13.25 g/cm3  
29
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
31
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
28
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
2.20 (Pa)  
12
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa  
18
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
100.00 GPa  
16
13.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
96.00 GPa  
23
13.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.84  
16
14.00  
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
21
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.46 nΩ·m  
99+
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
Electron Affinity
0.60 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
35.50 J/mol·K  
4
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
6.74 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
913.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
46.70 µm/(m·K)  
6
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
344.00 kJ/mol  
36
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.82 kJ/mol  
99+
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
Enthalpy of Atomization
360.00 kJ/mol  
35
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
Standard Molar Entropy
37.10 J/mol.K  
99+
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
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