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Plutonium vs Thorium

Plutonium
Thorium
Thorium vs Plutonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pu   
Th   
Group Number
0   
18
0   
18
Period Number
7   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440075   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P121/m1   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
11.00   
13
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Plutonium metal if obtain from ores of uranium metal.
  • Plutonium metal is very sensitive to the change in atmospheric conditions like temperature and pressure.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In Between 1940 1941   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Plutonium was used in atomic bombs and still it is being used in various weapons and Ammunition industry.
  • It is also used in nuclear power plant as source of energy for space missions.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
639.50 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
3,235.00 °C   
24
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s   
99+
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pu   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20   
19
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.28   
33
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22   
26
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.72   
21
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
584.70 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,084.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,338.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.28 g/amp-hr   
22
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
94   
24
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f6 7s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Plutonium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
94   
24
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
150   
11
142   
15
Number of Electrons
94   
24
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm   
28
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
187.00 pm   
20
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
244.00 amu   
19
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
12.32 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neptunium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Americium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.90 (-eV)   
21
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
618.30 pm   
4
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
NA   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.82 g/cm3   
13
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
16.63 g/cm3   
8
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
26
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
2.20 (Pa)   
12
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa   
18
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
96.00 GPa   
21
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
32
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.84   
7
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
1.46 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
35.50 J/mol·K   
3
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
6.74 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
46.70 µm/(m·K)   
6
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
344.00 kJ/mol   
25
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.82 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
360.00 kJ/mol   
26
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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