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Thorium vs Plutonium

Thorium
Plutonium
Plutonium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Pu  
Group Number
0  
18
0  
18
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440075  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P121/m1  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
11.00  
13
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Plutonium metal if obtain from ores of uranium metal.
  • Plutonium metal is very sensitive to the change in atmospheric conditions like temperature and pressure.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan  
Discovery
In 1829  
In Between 1940 1941  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %  
9
Not Available  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %  
9
~-9999 %  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
Not Available  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
Not Available  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Plutonium was used in atomic bombs and still it is being used in various weapons and Ammunition industry.
  • It is also used in nuclear power plant as source of energy for space missions.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
29
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
639.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
3,235.00 °C  
24
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
NA  
NA  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
12
Not Available  
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
29
Not Available  
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
29
Not Available  
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
36
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th  
Pu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
32
1.28  
33
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
29
1.22  
26
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.72  
21
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,084.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,338.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
24
2.28 g/amp-hr  
22
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
32
Not Available  
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90  
28
94  
24
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Rn] 5f6 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Plutonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
94  
24
Number of Neutrons
142  
15
150  
11
Number of Electrons
90  
28
94  
24
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
15
159.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
187.00 pm  
20
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
15
200.00 pm  
28
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
244.00 amu  
19
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
20
12.32 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Neptunium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Americium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
23
64.90 (-eV)  
21
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
14
618.30 pm  
4
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
NA  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
32
19.82 g/cm3  
13
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available  
16.63 g/cm3  
8
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
2.20 (Pa)  
12
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
21
43.00 GPa  
18
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
22
Not Available  
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
24
96.00 GPa  
21
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
23
19.84  
7
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
1.46 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
31
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
0.13 J/(kg K)  
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
30
35.50 J/mol·K  
3
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
6.74 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
36
46.70 µm/(m·K)  
6
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
344.00 kJ/mol  
25
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
2.82 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
360.00 kJ/mol  
26
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
Not Available  
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