1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74401007440188
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
- Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Not Available
Karl Ernst Claus
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %4 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000005 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.6 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.9 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.11 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
-
This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Low Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
3.2.5 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
935.00 °C2,250.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C3,900.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Grayish White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.3 Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa2,160.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.6 Vickers Hardness
4.6 Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s5,970.00 m/s
818
16200
4.7 Optical Properties
4.7.1 Refractive Index
4.8.1 Reflectivity
4.9 Allotropes
4.9.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.9.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.4 Electronegativity
5.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.4.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.4.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.4.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.5 Electropositivity
5.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.6 Ionization Energies
5.6.1 1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.6.2 2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol710.22 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.6.3 3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol2,747.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.6.4 4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
5.6.5 5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
5.6.6 6th Energy Level
5.6.7 7th Energy level
5.6.8 8th Energy Level
5.6.9 9th Energy Level
5.6.10 10th Energy Level
5.6.11 11th Energy Level
5.6.12 12th Energy Level
5.6.13 13th Energy Level
5.6.14 14th Energy Level
5.6.15 15th Energy Level
5.6.16 16th Energy Level
5.6.17 17th Energy Level
5.6.18 18th Energy Level
5.6.19 19th Energy Level
5.6.20 20th Energy Level
5.6.21 21st Energy Level
5.6.22 22nd Energy Level
5.6.23 23rd Energy Level
5.6.24 24th Energy Level
5.6.25 25th Energy Level
5.6.26 26th Energy Level
5.6.27 27th Energy Level
5.6.28 28th Energy Level
5.6.29 29th Energy Level
5.6.30 30th Energy Level
5.7 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr1.26 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.8 Electron Work Function
5.9 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
182.00 pm134.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
203.00 pm146.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
140.91 amu101.07 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
367.25 pm270.59 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm312.45 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm310.65 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa173.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa220.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa447.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m71.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol101.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K117.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)6.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol567.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol25.50 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol603.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K28.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1