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Praseodymium
Praseodymium

Thallium
Thallium



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Praseodymium
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Praseodymium vs Thallium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Pr
Tl
1.2 Group Number
NA13
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
66
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
f block
p block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-​Transition
1.6 CAS Number
74401007440280
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00194.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Not Available
William Crookes
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1885
In 1861
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %5 * 10-9 %
Palladium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000001 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Highly Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
NA0.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
935.00 °C303.50 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,130.00 °C1,457.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Grayish White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
NA
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
NA1.20
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
481.00 MPa26.50 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPaNA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,280.00 m/s818.00 m/s
Palladium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
1.2 Allotropes
1.2.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
1.2.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
1.2.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
2 Chemical
2.1 Chemical Formula
Pr
Tl
2.2 Isotopes
2.2.1 Known Isotopes
3132
Tennessine
0 38
2.4 Electronegativity
2.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.131.62
Francium
0.7 2.54
2.5.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
NA2.25
Cesium
0.22 2.56
2.5.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.071.44
Cesium
0.86 1.82
2.6.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NA1.96
Cesium
0.62 2.48
2.7.1 Allen Electronegativity
NA1.79
Cesium
0.659 2.7
2.9 Electropositivity
2.9.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.872.38
Gold
1.46 3.3
2.10 Ionization Energies
2.10.1 1st Energy Level
527.00 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
2.10.3 2nd Energy Level
1,020.00 kJ/mol1,971.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
2.10.4 3rd Energy Level
2,086.00 kJ/mol2,878.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
2.10.6 4th Energy Level
3,761.00 kJ/molNA
Thorium
2780 37066
2.11.1 5th Energy Level
5,551.00 kJ/molNA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
2.11.2 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
2.11.3 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
2.11.4 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
2.11.5 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
2.11.6 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
2.11.7 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
2.11.8 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
2.11.9 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
2.11.10 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
2.11.11 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
2.11.12 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
2.11.13 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
2.11.14 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
2.11.15 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
2.11.16 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
2.11.17 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
2.11.18 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
2.11.19 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
2.11.20 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
2.11.21 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
2.11.22 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
2.11.23 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
2.11.24 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
2.11.25 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
2.11.26 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
2.12 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.75 g/amp-hr7.63 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
2.13 Electron Work Function
2.70 eV3.84 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
2.14 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
3 Atomic
3.1 Atomic Number
5981
Lithium
3 117
3.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f3 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
3.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
3.3.1 Crystal Lattice
3.4 Atom
3.4.1 Number of Protons
5981
Lithium
3 117
3.4.2 Number of Neutrons
82123
Lithium
4 184
3.4.3 Number of Electrons
5981
Lithium
3 117
3.5 Radius of an Atom
3.5.1 Atomic Radius
182.00 pm170.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
3.5.2 Covalent Radius
203.00 pm145.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
3.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
239.00 pm196.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
3.6 Atomic Weight
140.91 amu204.38 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
3.7 Atomic Volume
20.80 cm3/mol17.20 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
3.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
3.8.1 Previous Element
3.8.2 Next Element
3.9 Valence Electron Potential
42.64 (-eV)9.60 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
3.10 Lattice Constant
367.25 pm345.66 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
3.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
3.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.611.60
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
4 Mechanical
4.1 Density
4.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm311.85 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
4.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.50 g/cm311.22 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
4.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
4.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
4.4 Vapor Pressure
4.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)16.90 (Pa)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
4.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.20 (Pa)NA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
4.5 Elasticity properties
4.5.1 Shear Modulus
14.80 GPa2.80 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
4.5.2 Bulk Modulus
28.80 GPa43.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
4.5.3 Young's Modulus
37.30 GPa8.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
4.6 Poisson Ratio
0.280.45
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
4.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Sectile
5 Magnetic
5.1 Magnetic Characteristics
5.1.1 Specific Gravity
6.7711.85
Lithium
0.53 4500
5.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
5.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
5.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
5.2 Electrical Properties
5.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
5.2.2 Resistivity
0.70 nΩ·m0.18 nΩ·m
Palladium
0.18 961
5.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.06 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
5.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol19.20 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
6 Thermal
6.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
6.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K26.32 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
6.3 Thermal Conductivity
12.50 W/m·K46.10 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
6.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
6.5 Thermal Expansion
6.70 µm/(m·K)29.90 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
6.6 Enthalpy
6.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
296.80 kJ/mol162.10 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
6.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.89 kJ/mol4.27 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
6.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
368.00 kJ/mol179.90 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
6.7 Standard Molar Entropy
73.20 J/mol.K64.20 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1