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Promethium
Promethium

Calcium
Calcium



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Promethium
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Promethium vs Calcium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Pm
Ca
1.2 Group Number
NA2
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
64
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
f block
s block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkaline Earth
1.6 CAS Number
74401227440702
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
Not Available
Fm_ 3m
1.8 Space Group Number
NA225.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
Humphry Davy
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1942
In 1808
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
NA7 * 10-3 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.007 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
NA1.10 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
NA5.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
NA0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NA1.40 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.3 Other Uses
NA
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-360.50 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
NA170,000.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,042.00 °C839.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C1,484.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Unknown
Gray
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
NA
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
NA1.75
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
NA170.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
NA3,810.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Pm
Ca
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
2719
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
NA1.00
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NA0.95
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.071.04
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NA1.08
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
NA1.03
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
NA3.00
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol589.80 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,145.40 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol4,912.40 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol6,491.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA8,153.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA10,496.00 kJ/mol
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA12,270.00 kJ/mol
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA14,206.00 kJ/mol
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA18,191.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA20,385.00 kJ/mol
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA57,110.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NA63,410.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NA70,110.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NA78,890.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NA86,310.00 kJ/mol
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NA94,000.00 kJ/mol
Iron
47206 109480
1.1.1 17th Energy Level
NA104,900.00 kJ/mol
Cobalt
52737 122200
1.2.1 18th Energy Level
NA111,711.00 kJ/mol
Nickel
58570 134810
1.3.1 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
1.3.2 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
1.6.1 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
1.6.2 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
1.8.1 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
1.8.2 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
1.8.3 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
1.8.4 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
1.8.5 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
1.8.6 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
1.8.7 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
1.8.8 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
1.9 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr0.75 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
1.10 Electron Work Function
NA2.87 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
1.11 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
2 Atomic
2.1 Atomic Number
6120
Lithium
3 117
2.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
[Ar] 4s2
2.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
2.3.1 Crystal Lattice
2.4 Atom
2.4.1 Number of Protons
6120
Lithium
3 117
2.4.2 Number of Neutrons
8420
Lithium
4 184
2.4.3 Number of Electrons
6120
Lithium
3 117
2.5 Radius of an Atom
2.5.1 Atomic Radius
183.00 pm197.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
2.5.2 Covalent Radius
199.00 pm176.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
2.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm231.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
2.6 Atomic Weight
145.00 amu40.08 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
2.7 Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol29.90 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
2.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
2.8.1 Previous Element
2.8.2 Next Element
2.9 Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)29.00 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
2.10 Lattice Constant
NA558.84 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
2.11 Lattice Angles
Unknown
π/2, π/2, π/2
2.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
3 Mechanical
3.1 Density
3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm31.55 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
3.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
NA1.38 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
3.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
3.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
3.4 Vapor Pressure
3.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA25.50 (Pa)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
3.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
3.5 Elasticity properties
3.5.1 Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa7.40 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
3.5.2 Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa17.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
3.5.3 Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa20.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
3.6 Poisson Ratio
0.280.31
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
3.7 Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
4 Magnetic
4.1 Magnetic Characteristics
4.1.1 Specific Gravity
7.264.58
Lithium
0.53 4500
4.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
4.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
4.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
4.2 Electrical Properties
4.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
4.2.2 Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m33.60 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
4.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
NA0.30 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
4.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol2.37 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
5 Thermal
5.1 Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)0.63 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
5.2 Molar Heat Capacity
NA25.93 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
5.3 Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K201.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
5.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
5.5 Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)22.30 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
5.6 Enthalpy
5.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
NA150.00 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
5.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol8.54 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
5.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol184.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
5.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA41.60 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1