1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkaline Earth
1.6 CAS Number
74401227440702
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
- Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
Humphry Davy
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.007 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
- Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-360.50 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
NA170,000.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,042.00 °C839.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C1,484.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol589.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,145.40 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol4,912.40 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol6,491.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA8,153.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA10,496.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA12,270.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA14,206.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA18,191.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA20,385.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA57,110.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NA63,410.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NA70,110.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NA78,890.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NA86,310.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NA94,000.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NA104,900.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NA111,711.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr0.75 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
6.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
183.00 pm197.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
199.00 pm176.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm231.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
145.00 amu40.08 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol29.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)29.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
NA558.84 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm31.55 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA25.50 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa7.40 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa17.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa20.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m33.60 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
NA0.30 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol2.37 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)0.63 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
NA25.93 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K201.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)22.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
NA150.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol8.54 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol184.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA41.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1