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Protactinium vs Californium

Protactinium
Californium
Californium vs Protactinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pa  
Cf  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440133  
99+
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
I4/mmm  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
139.00  
11
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
  • Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1900  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,568.00 °C  
21
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,027.00 °C  
12
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
125.00 MPa  
99+
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
220.00 MPa  
99+
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
12,400.00 m/s  
3
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pa  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.50  
28
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.14  
29
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.50  
26
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.50  
32
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.50  
27
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,128.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,814.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,991.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
56,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
56,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
568.50 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,680.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
568.30 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
568.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.72 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
5.89 eV  
3
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
91  
27
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Protactinium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
91  
27
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
122  
22
153  
10
Number of Electrons
91  
27
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
163.00 pm  
27
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
200.00 pm  
11
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
243.00 pm  
15
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
231.04 amu  
24
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thorium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Uranium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
92.00 (-eV)  
11
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
392.50 pm  
26
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
36
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.37 g/cm3  
20
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.37 g/cm3  
21
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
32
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
47.00 GPa  
26
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
47.00 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.37  
23
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
21
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
177.00 nΩ·m  
21
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
39
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
53.03 kJ/mol  
22
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.20 J/mol·K  
24
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
47.00 W/m·K  
32
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,841.00 K  
25
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
481.00 kJ/mol  
17
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.34 kJ/mol  
34
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
481.90 kJ/mol  
19
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
198.10 J/mol.K  
1
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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