1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74401887440439
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~0.0000006 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C320.90 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C765.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Bluish-Gray
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa203.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s2,310.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,631.40 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol3,616.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm151.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm144.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm158.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu112.41 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol13.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)30.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm297.94 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm38.65 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm38.00 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa19.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa42.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa50.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m72.70 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K26.02 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K96.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)30.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol100.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol6.19 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol113.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K51.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1