Symbol
Ru
Cd
Group Number
812
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
55
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74401887440439
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Discovery
In 1844
In 1817
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
-
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.1.80 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C320.90 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C765.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.502.00
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa203.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa90.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s2,310.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
2.601.71
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
6.00 %67.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Ru
Cd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2634
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.201.69
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.201.98
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.421.46
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.201.53
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.541.52
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.802.31
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,631.40 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol3,616.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol4,040.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol8,650.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol86,400.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol8,650.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol86,400.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol86,400.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol865.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol864.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol864.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol864.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV4.22 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
4448
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
4448
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
5764
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
4448
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm151.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm144.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm158.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu112.41 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol13.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)30.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm297.94 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.581.89
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm38.65 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm38.00 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa62.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa19.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa42.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa50.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.300.30
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.458.65
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m72.70 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K26.02 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K96.60 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K594.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)30.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol100.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol6.19 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol113.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K51.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻