1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74401887440100
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
- Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Not Available
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
-
This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Low Toxic
Moderately Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C935.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C3,130.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Grayish White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa481.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s2,280.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol527.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,020.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol2,086.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA3,761.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA5,551.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr1.75 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Xe] 4f3 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm182.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm203.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm239.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu140.91 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol20.80 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)42.64 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm367.25 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm36.50 g/cm3
0.512
20
1.2 Tensile Strength
1.3 Viscosity
1.7 Vapor Pressure
1.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.7.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)13.20 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
1.8 Elasticity properties
1.8.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa14.80 GPa
1.3
222
1.8.3 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa28.80 GPa
1.6
462
1.9.2 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa37.30 GPa
1.7
528
1.10 Poisson Ratio
1.11 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
2 Magnetic
2.1 Magnetic Characteristics
2.1.1 Specific Gravity
2.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
2.2.2 Permeability
2.2.3 Susceptibility
2.4 Electrical Properties
2.4.1 Electrical Property
2.4.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m0.70 nΩ·m
0.18
961
2.6.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
2.7.1 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
3 Thermal
3.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
3.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K27.20 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
3.3 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K12.50 W/m·K
6.3
429
3.4 Critical Temperature
3.5 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)6.70 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
3.6 Enthalpy
3.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol296.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
3.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol6.89 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
3.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol368.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
3.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K73.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1