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Ruthenium
Ruthenium

Praseodymium
Praseodymium



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Ruthenium
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Praseodymium

Ruthenium vs Praseodymium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Ru
Pr
1.2 Group Number
8NA
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
56
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
d block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74401887440100
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00194.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  • Praseodymium metal is synthetically produced metal.
  • Praseodymium is used as possible fuel for radioactive generators.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Not Available
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1844
In 1885
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %2 * 10-7 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~0.0000001 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  • The main use of Praseodymium include alloys. Praseodymium –Magnesium alloy is used in aircraft engines due to its high strength.
  • This metal is also used while making a permanent magnets.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Low Toxic
Moderately Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NANA
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
NANA
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C935.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C3,130.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Grayish White
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
6.50NA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa481.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NA400.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s2,280.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Ru
Pr
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
2631
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
2.201.13
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.421.07
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.54NA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
1.802.87
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol527.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol1,020.00 kJ/mol
Palladium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol2,086.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA3,761.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA5,551.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr1.75 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
4.71 eV2.70 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
4459
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Xe] 4f3 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
4459
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
5782
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
4459
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm182.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm203.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm239.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu140.91 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol20.80 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)42.64 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm367.25 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.581.61
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm36.50 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA0.00 (Pa)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)13.20 (Pa)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa14.80 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa28.80 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa37.30 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.300.28
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.456.77
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m0.70 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K27.20 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K12.50 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)6.70 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol296.80 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol6.89 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol368.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K73.20 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1