1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74401887440473
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1844
In Between 1797 - 1798
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %1.5 * 10-3 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~0.002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.11 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C1,857.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C2,672.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa687.00 MPa
0.14
3490
1.2.1 Vickers Hardness
1.4 Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s5,940.00 m/s
818
16200
1.8 Optical Properties
1.8.1 Refractive Index
1.8.2 Reflectivity
1.11 Allotropes
1.11.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
1.11.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
1.11.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
2 Chemical
2.1 Chemical Formula
2.2 Isotopes
2.2.1 Known Isotopes
3.2 Electronegativity
3.2.1 Pauling Electronegativity
3.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
3.5.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
3.5.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
3.5.8 Allen Electronegativity
3.6 Electropositivity
3.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
3.7 Ionization Energies
3.7.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
3.7.3 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol28,750.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
4.1.1 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol34,230.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
4.2.4 4th Energy Level
NA37,066.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
4.2.6 5th Energy Level
NA97,510.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
4.2.7 6th Energy Level
NA105,800.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.1.1 7th Energy level
NA114,300.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.1.2 8th Energy Level
NA125,300.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.2.1 9th Energy Level
NA134,700.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.2.2 10th Energy Level
NA144,300.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.3.4 11th Energy Level
NA26,130.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.4.2 12th Energy Level
NA28,750.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
5.4.4 13th Energy Level
NA34,230.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
5.4.6 14th Energy Level
NA37,066.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
5.4.7 15th Energy Level
NA97,510.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
5.5.1 16th Energy Level
NA105,800.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
5.5.2 17th Energy Level
NA114,300.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
5.5.3 18th Energy Level
NA125,300.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
5.6.3 19th Energy Level
NA134,700.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
6.2.2 20th Energy Level
NA144,300.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
6.2.3 21st Energy Level
NA157,700.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
6.3.2 22nd Energy Level
NA166,090.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
6.3.3 23rd Energy Level
6.3.5 24th Energy Level
6.3.6 25th Energy Level
6.3.8 26th Energy Level
6.3.9 27th Energy Level
6.3.11 28th Energy Level
6.3.12 29th Energy Level
6.3.14 30th Energy Level
6.4 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr0.32 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
6.7 Electron Work Function
6.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
7 Atomic
7.1 Atomic Number
7.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
7.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
7.3.1 Crystal Lattice
7.4 Atom
7.4.1 Number of Protons
7.4.3 Number of Neutrons
7.4.5 Number of Electrons
7.5 Radius of an Atom
7.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm128.00 pm
112
265
7.5.3 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm139.00 pm
96
260
7.5.5 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
7.6 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu52.00 amu
6.94
294
7.7 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol7.23 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
7.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
7.8.1 Previous Element
7.8.2 Next Element
7.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)170.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
7.10 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm291.00 pm
228.58
891.25
7.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
7.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
8 Mechanical
8.1 Density
8.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm37.19 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
8.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm36.30 g/cm3
0.512
20
8.2 Tensile Strength
8.3 Viscosity
8.4 Vapor Pressure
8.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
8.4.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)774.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
8.5 Elasticity properties
8.5.1 Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa115.00 GPa
1.3
222
8.5.3 Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa160.00 GPa
1.6
462
8.5.6 Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa279.00 GPa
1.7
528
8.6 Poisson Ratio
8.7 Other Mechanical Properties
9 Magnetic
9.1 Magnetic Characteristics
9.1.1 Specific Gravity
9.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Antiferromagnetic
9.1.4 Permeability
9.1.6 Susceptibility
9.2 Electrical Properties
9.2.1 Electrical Property
9.2.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m125.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
9.2.5 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
9.3.1 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol64.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
10 Thermal
10.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.45 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
11.1 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K23.35 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
11.3 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K93.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
11.7 Critical Temperature
11.8 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)4.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
11.9 Enthalpy
11.9.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol348.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
11.9.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol15.31 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
11.10.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol397.50 kJ/mol
61.5
837
11.11 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K23.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1