1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
1.7 CAS Number
74401887440086
7429905
54386242
1.9 Space Group Name
1.10 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
2.2 Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3.2.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
3.3.2 Abundance In Meteorites
3.3.3 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.3.5 Abundance In Oceans
3.3.7 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.4 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
2,250.00 °C254.00 °C
27
3410
5.3 Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C962.00 °C
147
5660
5.5 Appearance
5.5.1 Physical State
5.5.2 Color
5.5.3 Luster
5.6 Hardness
5.6.1 Mohs Hardness
5.6.4 Brinell Hardness
5.6.6 Vickers Hardness
5.7 Speed of Sound
5.8 Optical Properties
5.8.1 Refractive Index
5.8.3 Reflectivity
5.9 Allotropes
5.9.1 α Allotropes
5.9.2 β Allotropes
5.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.3 Electronegativity
6.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.3.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.3.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
6.3.7 Allen Electronegativity
6.4 Electropositivity
6.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
6.5 Ionization Energies
6.5.1 1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
6.5.3 2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/molNA
710.2162
28750
6.5.5 3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/molNA
1600
34230
6.5.7 4th Energy Level
6.5.9 5th Energy Level
6.5.11 6th Energy Level
6.5.13 7th Energy level
6.5.15 8th Energy Level
6.5.17 9th Energy Level
6.5.19 10th Energy Level
6.5.21 11th Energy Level
6.5.23 12th Energy Level
6.5.26 13th Energy Level
6.5.28 14th Energy Level
6.5.30 15th Energy Level
6.6.1 16th Energy Level
6.6.2 17th Energy Level
6.7.1 18th Energy Level
7.1.1 19th Energy Level
7.1.2 20th Energy Level
7.4.2 21st Energy Level
7.4.3 22nd Energy Level
7.4.4 23rd Energy Level
7.4.6 24th Energy Level
7.4.7 25th Energy Level
7.4.9 26th Energy Level
7.4.10 27th Energy Level
7.5.2 28th Energy Level
7.5.3 29th Energy Level
7.5.5 30th Energy Level
7.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
7.8 Electron Work Function
7.9 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
8 Atomic
8.1 Atomic Number
8.3 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
8.4 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Monoclinic (MON)
8.4.1 Crystal Lattice
8.5 Atom
8.5.1 Number of Protons
8.7.1 Number of Neutrons
8.8.1 Number of Electrons
8.11 Radius of an Atom
8.11.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm168.00 pm
112
265
9.1.2 Covalent Radius
146.00 pm140.00 pm
96
260
9.1.4 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm197.00 pm
139
348
9.2 Atomic Weight
101.07 amu209.00 amu
6.94
294
9.4 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
9.7 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
9.7.1 Previous Element
9.7.2 Next Element
9.8 Valence Electron Potential
9.9 Lattice Constant
270.59 pm335.90 pm
228.58
891.25
9.10 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
9.11 Lattice C/A Ratio
10 Mechanical
10.1 Density
10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm39.20 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
10.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm39.40 g/cm3
0.512
20
10.2 Tensile Strength
10.3 Viscosity
10.4 Vapor Pressure
10.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
10.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.2 Elasticity properties
11.2.1 Shear Modulus
11.2.4 Bulk Modulus
11.2.6 Young's Modulus
11.4 Poisson Ratio
11.5 Other Mechanical Properties
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.5 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m
0.18
961
13.1.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
13.2.1 Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
14 Thermal
14.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
14.3 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
14.4 Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
14.6 Critical Temperature
14.8 Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
14.9 Enthalpy
14.9.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
14.9.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
14.9.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
14.11 Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.KNA
9.5
198.1