1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-Transition
1.6 CAS Number
74401997440553
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
- Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-7 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.7 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.9 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.12 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.14 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
- Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.3.1 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.08 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.3.2 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,072.00 °C29.78 °C
27
3410
5.2 Boiling Point
1,900.00 °C2,403.00 °C
147
5660
5.6 Appearance
5.6.1 Physical State
5.6.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
5.6.3 Luster
5.7 Hardness
5.7.1 Mohs Hardness
5.7.3 Brinell Hardness
441.00 MPa56.80 MPa
0.14
3490
5.7.5 Vickers Hardness
5.9 Speed of Sound
2,130.00 m/s2,740.00 m/s
818
16200
5.10 Optical Properties
5.10.1 Refractive Index
5.10.3 Reflectivity
5.12 Allotropes
5.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.4 Electronegativity
6.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.6.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.7.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.9.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.1.1 Allen Electronegativity
7.2 Electropositivity
7.2.1 Pauling Electropositivity
7.3 Ionization Energies
7.3.1 1st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.3.3 2nd Energy Level
1,070.00 kJ/mol1,979.30 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
7.3.4 3rd Energy Level
2,260.00 kJ/mol2,963.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.3.5 4th Energy Level
3,990.00 kJ/mol6,180.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
7.4.1 5th Energy Level
7.5.1 6th Energy Level
7.6.2 7th Energy level
7.6.4 8th Energy Level
7.7.2 9th Energy Level
7.7.4 10th Energy Level
7.7.5 11th Energy Level
7.7.7 12th Energy Level
7.8.1 13th Energy Level
8.1.2 14th Energy Level
8.1.3 15th Energy Level
8.1.6 16th Energy Level
8.1.7 17th Energy Level
8.2.2 18th Energy Level
8.2.5 19th Energy Level
8.2.7 20th Energy Level
8.2.8 21st Energy Level
9.1.1 22nd Energy Level
9.2.1 23rd Energy Level
9.2.2 24th Energy Level
9.3.1 25th Energy Level
9.3.2 26th Energy Level
9.4.1 27th Energy Level
9.4.2 28th Energy Level
9.5.1 29th Energy Level
9.5.2 30th Energy Level
9.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.87 g/amp-hr0.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.8 Electron Work Function
9.9 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f6 6s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
10.3 Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.3 Number of Neutrons
10.5.1 Number of Electrons
10.6 Radius of an Atom
10.6.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm135.00 pm
112
265
10.6.2 Covalent Radius
198.00 pm122.00 pm
96
260
10.6.3 Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pm187.00 pm
139
348
10.7 Atomic Weight
150.36 amu69.72 amu
6.94
294
10.8 Atomic Volume
19.95 cm3/mol11.80 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.9.1 Previous Element
10.9.2 Next Element
10.10 Valence Electron Potential
44.80 (-eV)69.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.11 Lattice Constant
362.10 pm451.97 pm
228.58
891.25
10.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.52 g/cm35.91 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.16 g/cm36.10 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.94 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
49.70 GPa9.80 GPa
1.7
528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
0.94 nΩ·m270.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol28.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)0.37 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
29.54 J/mol·K25.86 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
13.30 W/m·K40.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
12.70 µm/(m·K)18.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
166.40 kJ/mol256.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
8.62 kJ/mol5.59 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
209.00 kJ/mol276.10 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
69.60 J/mol.K40.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1