Scandium

Thorium

Scandium Thorium Comparison

Scandium

Thorium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Actinide

1.6 CAS Number

74402027440326

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

Found in Minerals, Mining

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Lars Fredrik Nilson

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1879

In 1829

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

3 * 10^-6 %3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.000004 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.05 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.66 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,539.00 °C1,750.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,832.00 °C4,790.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery White

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Lustrous

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA3.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

750.00 MPa390.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA295.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NA2,490.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

1328

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.361.30

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.02NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.201.11

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.19NA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.642.70

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

633.10 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,235.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,388.60 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

7,090.60 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

8,843.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

10,679.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

13,310.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

15,250.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

17,370.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

21,726.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

24,102.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

66,320.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

73,010.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

80,160.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

89,490.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

97,400.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

105,600.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

117,000.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

124,270.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.56 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

3.50 eV3.41 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

2190

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d¹ 4s²

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

2190

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

24142

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

2190

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

162.00 pm179.80 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

170.00 pm206.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

211.00 pm237.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

44.96 amu232.04 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

15.00 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

58.00 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

330.90 pm508.42 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

1.59NA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

2.99 g/cm³11.72 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

2.80 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

91.30 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

29.10 GPa31.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

56.60 GPa54.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

74.40 GPa79.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.280.27

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

2.9911.70

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Superconductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

562.00 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 10⁶/cm Ω0.07 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

18.10 kJ/molNA

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.60 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.52 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

15.80 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

10.20 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

314.20 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

14.10 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

343.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

34.60 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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