1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.5 Period Number
2.5 Block
2.6 Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
2.7 CAS Number
74402027440326
7429905
54386242
2.8 Space Group Name
2.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %3 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
2.6.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.12.1 Abundance In Meteorites
4.5.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.1.2 Abundance In Oceans
6.6.2 Abundance In Humans
7 Uses
7.1 Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
7.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
7.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
7.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
7.2 Biological Properties
7.2.1 Toxicity
7.2.2 Present in Human Body
7.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
8.3.2 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
0
170000
10 Physical
10.1 Melting Point
1,539.00 °C1,750.00 °C
27
3410
11.4 Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C4,790.00 °C
147
5660
11.8 Appearance
11.8.1 Physical State
11.8.2 Color
11.8.3 Luster
11.9 Hardness
11.9.1 Mohs Hardness
11.9.4 Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa390.00 MPa
0.14
3490
11.9.9 Vickers Hardness
12.3 Speed of Sound
12.6 Optical Properties
12.6.1 Refractive Index
12.7.2 Reflectivity
12.9 Allotropes
12.9.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12.9.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
12.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
13 Chemical
13.1 Chemical Formula
13.2 Isotopes
13.2.1 Known Isotopes
14.3 Electronegativity
14.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
15.2.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
15.2.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
15.2.9 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
15.3.3 Allen Electronegativity
15.4 Electropositivity
15.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
15.6 Ionization Energies
15.6.1 1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
15.9.2 2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
15.9.4 3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
15.9.7 4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
15.9.11 5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
15.9.13 6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
15.9.16 7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
15.9.20 8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
15.9.23 9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
15.9.26 10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
15.10.3 11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
15.10.7 12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
15.11.2 13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
15.11.6 14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
15.11.10 15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
16.2.3 16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
16.2.6 17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
16.3.2 18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
16.3.6 19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
16.4.2 20th Energy Level
16.4.5 21st Energy Level
16.5.2 22nd Energy Level
17.1.1 23rd Energy Level
17.1.3 24th Energy Level
17.4.3 25th Energy Level
17.4.5 26th Energy Level
17.4.8 27th Energy Level
17.4.11 28th Energy Level
17.4.14 29th Energy Level
17.4.16 30th Energy Level
17.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
17.7 Electron Work Function
17.10 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
18 Atomic
18.1 Atomic Number
18.5 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
18.6 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
18.6.1 Crystal Lattice
18.7 Atom
18.7.1 Number of Protons
19.1.1 Number of Neutrons
19.8.1 Number of Electrons
20.2 Radius of an Atom
20.2.1 Atomic Radius
162.00 pm179.80 pm
112
265
20.2.4 Covalent Radius
170.00 pm206.00 pm
96
260
20.3.3 Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
20.5 Atomic Weight
44.96 amu232.04 amu
6.94
294
20.7 Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
20.10 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
20.10.1 Previous Element
20.10.2 Next Element
20.11 Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)
8
392.42
20.14 Lattice Constant
330.90 pm508.42 pm
228.58
891.25
20.17 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
20.18 Lattice C/A Ratio
21 Mechanical
21.1 Density
21.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
21.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
21.6 Tensile Strength
23.2 Viscosity
23.3 Vapor Pressure
23.3.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
23.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
23.6 Elasticity properties
23.6.1 Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa31.00 GPa
1.3
222
23.8.4 Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa54.00 GPa
1.6
462
23.9.3 Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa79.00 GPa
1.7
528
23.10 Poisson Ratio
23.11 Other Mechanical Properties
24 Magnetic
24.1 Magnetic Characteristics
24.1.1 Specific Gravity
24.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
24.1.4 Permeability
24.2.2 Susceptibility
26.2 Electrical Properties
26.2.1 Electrical Property
26.2.2 Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
26.2.6 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
26.4.3 Electron Affinity
27 Thermal
27.1 Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
27.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
27.3 Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
28.2 Critical Temperature
28.5 Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
28.7 Enthalpy
28.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
28.9.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
28.10.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
28.12 Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1