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Seaborgium vs Hafnium

Seaborgium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Seaborgium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sg  
Hf  
Group Number
6  
12
4  
14
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
54038812  
9
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Seaborgium most stable isotope is Sg and it has 2.1 min of half- life.
  • And other isotopes of Seaborgium have half-lives as short as 3 ms.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Synthetically Produced  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1974  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
-  
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Seaborgium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Research Purposes  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
27
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
-  
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
0.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Gray  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa  
33
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
3,200.00 m/s  
35
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
68.00 %  
15
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sg  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
9  
29
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.00  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.90  
13
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.90  
8
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
757.40 kJ/mol  
21
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,732.90 kJ/mol  
29
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,483.50 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,415.60 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,561.80 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,715.80 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
6,600.00 kJ/mol  
39
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
971.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
579.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
579.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
573.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
22
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
971.00 kJ/mol  
4
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
870.00 kJ/mol  
7
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
870.00 kJ/mol  
10
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
761.90 kJ/mol  
21
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.20 g/amp-hr  
14
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
6.00 eV  
1
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
-  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
106  
12
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
106  
12
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
106  
30
Number of Electrons
106  
12
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
143.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
230.00 pm  
24
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
269.00 amu  
9
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
35.00 cm3/mol  
8
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Dubnium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Bohrium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
6.10 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
-  
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.36  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
35.00 g/cm3  
4
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
35.00 g/cm3  
4
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
30.00 MPa  
99+
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
12.60 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.25  
24
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
35.00  
6
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.38 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
35.00 J/mol·K  
5
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
0.14 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,200.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
585.00 kJ/mol  
10
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
650.00 kJ/mol  
8
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
42.70 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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