Thorium Barium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Ba
Group Number
0
18
2
16
Period Number
7
6
Block
f block
s block
Element Family
Actinide
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440393
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.
- All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.
- Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Discovery
In 1829
In 1772
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.000001 %
18
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
20
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.03 %
11
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
8
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
- Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
0.07 Blood/mg dm-3
15
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
70.00 p.p.m.
9
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
725.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
1,140.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery Gray
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
1.25
19
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
1,620.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Ba
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
37
2
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
0.89
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.68
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
0.97
38
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
0.88
22
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
0.88
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
3.11
4
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
502.90 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
965.20 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,600.00 kJ/mol
14
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
2.56 g/amp-hr
20
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
2.70 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
56
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Xe] 6s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
56
99+
Number of Neutrons
142
15
81
99+
Number of Electrons
90
28
56
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
222.00 pm
4
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
215.00 pm
5
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
268.00 pm
6
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
137.33 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
39.24 cm3/mol
5
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
21.30 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
502.80 pm
15
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
3.51 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
3.34 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
7.11 (Pa)
6
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
4.90 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
9.60 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
13.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
3.62
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
332.00 nΩ·m
13
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.03 106/cm Ω
40
Electron Affinity
Not Available
13.95 kJ/mol
36
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.20 J/(kg K)
30
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
28.07 J/mol·K
12
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
18.40 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
20.60 µm/(m·K)
22
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
140.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
7.66 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
175.70 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
62.50 J/mol.K
20
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