1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.2 Period Number
2.3 Block
2.4 Element Family
2.5 CAS Number
74403267439932
7429905
54386242
2.6 Space Group Name
2.7 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Heat capacity of Lithium is very high.
- Lithium inflammable and highly explosive metal, hence it has to be stored properly.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Johan August Arfwedson
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %6 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
3.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~0.00017 %
1E-08
0.1
3.5.4 Abundance In Meteorites
3.6.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.6.3 Abundance In Oceans
3.6.5 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- The main usage of Lithium is manufacturing rechargeable batteries for electronic equipment and gadgets.
- it is also used in manufacturing non-rechargeable batteries.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.3.1 In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.1.30 p.p.m.
0
170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
1,750.00 °C180.54 °C
27
3410
6.2 Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C1,347.00 °C
147
5660
6.3 Appearance
6.3.1 Physical State
6.3.2 Color
6.3.3 Luster
6.4 Hardness
6.4.1 Mohs Hardness
6.5.3 Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa5.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.5.5 Vickers Hardness
6.6 Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s6,000.00 m/s
818
16200
6.7 Optical Properties
6.7.1 Refractive Index
7.1.1 Reflectivity
7.2 Allotropes
7.2.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.2.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.2.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.3 Isotopes
8.3.1 Known Isotopes
8.4 Electronegativity
8.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.5.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.6.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.7.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.8.2 Allen Electronegativity
8.9 Electropositivity
8.9.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.11 Ionization Energies
8.11.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol520.20 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.11.2 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol7,298.10 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.11.3 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol11,815.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.11.4 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
8.11.5 5th Energy Level
8.11.6 6th Energy Level
8.11.7 7th Energy level
8.11.8 8th Energy Level
8.11.9 9th Energy Level
8.11.10 10th Energy Level
8.11.11 11th Energy Level
8.11.12 12th Energy Level
8.11.13 13th Energy Level
8.11.14 14th Energy Level
8.11.15 15th Energy Level
8.11.16 16th Energy Level
8.11.17 17th Energy Level
8.11.18 18th Energy Level
8.11.19 19th Energy Level
8.11.20 20th Energy Level
8.11.21 21st Energy Level
8.11.22 22nd Energy Level
8.11.23 23rd Energy Level
8.11.24 24th Energy Level
8.11.25 25th Energy Level
8.11.26 26th Energy Level
8.11.27 27th Energy Level
8.11.28 28th Energy Level
8.11.29 29th Energy Level
8.11.30 30th Energy Level
8.12 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr0.26 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
8.13 Electron Work Function
8.14 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
9 Atomic
9.1 Atomic Number
9.2 Electron Configuration
9.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
9.3.1 Crystal Lattice
9.4 Atom
9.4.1 Number of Protons
9.4.2 Number of Neutrons
9.4.3 Number of Electrons
9.5 Radius of an Atom
9.5.1 Atomic Radius
179.80 pm152.00 pm
112
265
9.5.2 Covalent Radius
206.00 pm128.00 pm
96
260
9.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm182.00 pm
139
348
9.6 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu6.94 amu
6.94
294
9.7 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol13.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
9.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
9.8.1 Previous Element
9.8.2 Next Element
9.9 Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)19.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
9.10 Lattice Constant
508.42 pm351.00 pm
228.58
891.25
9.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
9.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
10 Mechanical
10.1 Density
10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm30.53 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
10.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.2 Tensile Strength
10.3 Viscosity
10.4 Vapor Pressure
10.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA109.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
10.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
10.5 Elasticity properties
10.5.1 Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa4.20 GPa
1.3
222
10.5.2 Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa11.00 GPa
1.6
462
10.5.3 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa4.90 GPa
1.7
528
10.6 Poisson Ratio
10.7 Other Mechanical Properties
11 Magnetic
11.1 Magnetic Characteristics
11.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
11.1.3 Permeability
11.1.4 Susceptibility
11.2 Electrical Properties
11.2.1 Electrical Property
11.2.2 Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m92.80 nΩ·m
0.18
961
11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.11 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
11.2.4 Electron Affinity
12 Thermal
12.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)3.60 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
12.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K24.86 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
12.3 Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K84.80 W/m·K
6.3
429
12.4 Critical Temperature
12.5 Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)46.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
12.6 Enthalpy
12.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol134.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
12.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol3.00 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
12.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol160.70 kJ/mol
61.5
837
12.7 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K29.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1