Symbol
Th
Pd
Group Number
010
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
75
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74403267440053
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00225.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1829
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %-
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C1,554.90 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C2,963.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silver
Luster
-
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.004.75
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa320.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa121.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s3,070.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.601.72
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
15.00 %84.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Th
Pd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2838
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.302.20
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.302.20
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.111.35
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.302.20
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.301.59
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.701.80
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol520.23 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol7,298.22 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol11,815.13 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol870.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol8,044.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol8,044.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol8,040.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol8,040.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol8,040.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol8,040.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol8,040.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol8,040.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol5,310.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol80,400.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol8,045.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol804.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol804.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol804.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr1.99 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV5.12 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Number
9046
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Kr] 4d10
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
9046
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
14260
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
9046
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm137.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm139.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm163.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu106.42 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol8.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)33.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm389.07 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.101.56
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm312.02 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm310.38 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa550.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa44.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa180.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa121.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.270.39
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.7012.02
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m105.40 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.10 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol54.23 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K25.98 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K71.80 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K1,825.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)11.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol376.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol16.74 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol393.30 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K37.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻