1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.3 Period Number
2.6 Block
2.7 Element Family
2.8 CAS Number
74403267440462
7429905
54386242
2.9 Space Group Name
2.10 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Not Available
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %8 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
4.2.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~0.0000008 %
1E-08
0.1
4.3.3 Abundance In Meteorites
4.3.6 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.4.2 Abundance In Oceans
4.5.3 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- The most common use of cesium metal is as a drilling fluid. It is also used in optical glass manufacturing.
-
In vacuum tubes and radiation monitor equipment this metal is used as a catalyst promoter.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
5.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.2.5 In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.0.05 p.p.m.
0
170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
1,750.00 °C28.50 °C
27
3410
6.2 Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C678.40 °C
147
5660
6.3 Appearance
6.3.1 Physical State
6.3.2 Color
6.3.3 Luster
6.4 Hardness
6.4.1 Mohs Hardness
6.4.3 Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa0.14 MPa
0.14
3490
6.4.5 Vickers Hardness
6.5 Speed of Sound
6.6 Optical Properties
6.6.1 Refractive Index
6.6.3 Reflectivity
6.7 Allotropes
6.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
7.3 Electronegativity
7.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.3.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.3.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
7.3.8 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.3.10 Allen Electronegativity
7.4 Electropositivity
7.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
7.5 Ionization Energies
7.5.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol375.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.5.3 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol2,234.30 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
7.5.4 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol3,400.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.5.7 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
7.5.9 5th Energy Level
7.6.1 6th Energy Level
7.7.1 7th Energy level
7.7.2 8th Energy Level
8.1.1 9th Energy Level
8.4.2 10th Energy Level
8.4.4 11th Energy Level
8.4.5 12th Energy Level
8.4.7 13th Energy Level
8.5.2 14th Energy Level
8.5.4 15th Energy Level
8.5.6 16th Energy Level
8.6.1 17th Energy Level
8.7.1 18th Energy Level
8.7.2 19th Energy Level
8.9.1 20th Energy Level
8.10.1 21st Energy Level
8.10.2 22nd Energy Level
8.12.1 23rd Energy Level
9.1.2 24th Energy Level
9.1.3 25th Energy Level
9.1.4 26th Energy Level
9.1.6 27th Energy Level
9.1.7 28th Energy Level
9.2.1 29th Energy Level
9.3.1 30th Energy Level
9.4 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr4.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.6 Electron Work Function
9.7 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.3 Electron Configuration
10.4 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
10.5.3 Number of Neutrons
10.5.5 Number of Electrons
10.7 Radius of an Atom
10.7.1 Atomic Radius
179.80 pm265.00 pm
112
265
11.1.2 Covalent Radius
206.00 pm244.00 pm
96
260
11.1.5 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm343.00 pm
139
348
11.2 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu132.91 amu
6.94
294
11.4 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol71.07 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.5 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.5.1 Previous Element
11.5.2 Next Element
11.6 Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)8.62 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.7 Lattice Constant
508.42 pm614.10 pm
228.58
891.25
12.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
12.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm31.93 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.5 Tensile Strength
13.6 Viscosity
13.8 Vapor Pressure
13.8.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.9.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.10 Elasticity properties
13.10.1 Shear Modulus
13.10.3 Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa1.60 GPa
1.6
462
13.10.5 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa1.70 GPa
1.7
528
13.12 Poisson Ratio
13.13 Other Mechanical Properties
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
14.1.3 Permeability
14.1.4 Susceptibility
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
Superconductor
Semiconductor
14.2.2 Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m205.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
14.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
14.2.4 Electron Affinity
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K32.21 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
15.3 Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K35.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
15.4 Critical Temperature
15.5 Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)97.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
15.6 Enthalpy
15.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol65.90 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
15.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol2.10 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
15.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol78.20 kJ/mol
61.5
837
15.7 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K85.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1