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Thorium vs Chromium

Thorium
Chromium
Chromium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Cr  
Group Number
0  
18
6  
12
Period Number
7  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1829  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
90  
28
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
-  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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