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Thorium vs Chromium

Thorium
Chromium
Chromium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Cr   
Group Number
0   
18
6   
12
Period Number
7   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In 1829   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.56   
10
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
NA   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
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