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Chromium vs Thorium

Chromium
Thorium
Thorium vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr  
Th  
Group Number
6  
12
0  
18
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440473  
39
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %  
7
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
13
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C  
14
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50  
1
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa  
18
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa  
17
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s  
8
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.97  
2
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cr  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66  
17
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56  
11
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34  
36
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
24  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
24  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)  
4
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa  
7
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
26
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)  
1
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa  
9
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa  
8
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
10
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K  
17
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,907.00 K  
24
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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