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Chromium vs Thorium

Chromium
Thorium
Thorium vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr   
Th   
Group Number
6   
12
0   
18
Period Number
4   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440473   
39
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.002 %   
7
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %   
7
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
13
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
16
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C   
14
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C   
39
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50   
1
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa   
16
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa   
10
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s   
5
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cr   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21   
18
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66   
18
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66   
14
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56   
10
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.65   
19
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34   
36
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV   
14
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
24   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
28   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
24   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm   
99+
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)   
4
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa   
7
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)   
1
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa   
9
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa   
11
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa   
8
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
32
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
NA   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K   
17
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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