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Thorium vs Manganese

Thorium
Manganese
Manganese vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Mn   
Group Number
0   
18
7   
11
Period Number
7   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7439965   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
I_ 43m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
217.00   
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Manganese is an essential trace element in all forms of life.
  • Manganese metal oxidizes very easily, but it does not fuse that easily.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Johann Gottlieb Gahn   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1774   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
8 * 10-4 %   
8
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.001 %   
8
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.27 %   
8
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.11 %   
8
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
13
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • This metal is very brittle hence it mostly not used as a pure metal, but its alloys are very useful
  • Its alloy Manganese steel is extremely strong and used in railway tracks, safes, prison bars and riffle barrels.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
14
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
100.00 p.p.m.   
8
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
1,245.00 °C   
37
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
1,962.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
6.00   
6
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
196.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
5,150.00 m/s   
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Mn   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.55   
25
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.20   
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.60   
9
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.75   
15
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.45   
29
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
717.30 kJ/mol   
30
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,509.00 kJ/mol   
39
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,248.00 kJ/mol   
21
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,940.00 kJ/mol   
20
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,990.00 kJ/mol   
17
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,220.00 kJ/mol   
16
7th Energy level
Not Available   
11,500.00 kJ/mol   
16
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,770.00 kJ/mol   
5
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,400.00 kJ/mol   
6
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
23,960.00 kJ/mol   
9
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
27,590.00 kJ/mol   
10
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
30,330.00 kJ/mol   
10
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
33,150.00 kJ/mol   
11
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
38,880.00 kJ/mol   
10
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
41,987.00 kJ/mol   
13
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
109,480.00 kJ/mol   
1
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
118,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
127,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
138,600.00 kJ/mol   
4
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,500.00 kJ/mol   
6
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
158,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
172,500.00 kJ/mol   
5
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
181,380.00 kJ/mol   
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
0.29 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
4.10 eV   
25
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
25   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Ar] 3d5 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
25   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
30   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
25   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
127.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
54.94 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
1.39 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Chromium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Iron
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
220.00 (-eV)   
2
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
891.25 pm   
1
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
7.21 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
5.95 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
12
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
120.00 GPa   
14
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
198.00 GPa   
12
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
7.21   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
1.44 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.48 J/(kg K)   
11
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
7.81 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
21.70 µm/(m·K)   
21
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
219.70 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
14.64 kJ/mol   
23
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
280.30 kJ/mol   
38
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
32.00 J/mol.K   
99+
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