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Manganese vs Thorium

Manganese
Thorium
Thorium vs Manganese


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mn  
Th  
Group Number
7  
11
0  
18
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7439965  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
I_ 43m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
217.00  
5
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Manganese is an essential trace element in all forms of life.
  • Manganese metal oxidizes very easily, but it does not fuse that easily.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johann Gottlieb Gahn  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1774  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.27 %  
8
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.11 %  
8
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very brittle hence it mostly not used as a pure metal, but its alloys are very useful
  • Its alloy Manganese steel is extremely strong and used in railway tracks, safes, prison bars and riffle barrels.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
14
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
100.00 p.p.m.  
8
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
1,245.00 °C  
37
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
1,962.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
196.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
196.00 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,150.00 m/s  
11
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mn  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.55  
26
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.60  
10
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.55  
23
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.75  
18
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.45  
29
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
717.30 kJ/mol  
30
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,509.00 kJ/mol  
40
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,248.00 kJ/mol  
21
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,940.00 kJ/mol  
30
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,990.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,220.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
11,500.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
18,770.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
21,400.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
23,960.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
27,590.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
30,330.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
33,150.00 kJ/mol  
11
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
38,880.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
41,987.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
109,480.00 kJ/mol  
1
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
118,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
127,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
138,600.00 kJ/mol  
4
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
148,500.00 kJ/mol  
6
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
158,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
172,500.00 kJ/mol  
5
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
181,380.00 kJ/mol  
5
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
717.30 kJ/mol  
24
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.29 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.10 eV  
32
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
25  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
25  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
30  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
25  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
127.00 pm  
99+
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
54.94 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
1.39 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Chromium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Iron
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
220.00 (-eV)  
2
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
891.25 pm  
1
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.55  
99+
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.21 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.95 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
370.00 MPa  
11
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
12
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
40.00 GPa  
19
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
120.00 GPa  
14
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
198.00 GPa  
13
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.21  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
12
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
1.44 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.48 J/(kg K)  
11
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
7.81 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,519.00 K  
40
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
21.70 µm/(m·K)  
22
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
219.70 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.64 kJ/mol  
25
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
280.30 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
32.00 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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