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Manganese vs Thorium

Manganese
Thorium
Thorium vs Manganese


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mn   
Th   
Group Number
7   
11
0   
18
Period Number
4   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7439965   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
I_ 43m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
217.00   
4
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Manganese is an essential trace element in all forms of life.
  • Manganese metal oxidizes very easily, but it does not fuse that easily.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johann Gottlieb Gahn   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1774   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
8 * 10-4 %   
8
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.001 %   
8
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.27 %   
8
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.11 %   
8
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
13
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
13
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very brittle hence it mostly not used as a pure metal, but its alloys are very useful
  • Its alloy Manganese steel is extremely strong and used in railway tracks, safes, prison bars and riffle barrels.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
14
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
100.00 p.p.m.   
8
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,245.00 °C   
37
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
1,962.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
196.00 MPa   
99+
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
5,150.00 m/s   
7
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Mn   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21   
18
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.55   
25
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20   
7
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.60   
9
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.75   
15
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.45   
29
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
717.30 kJ/mol   
30
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,509.00 kJ/mol   
39
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,248.00 kJ/mol   
21
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,940.00 kJ/mol   
20
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
6,990.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,220.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
7th Energy level
11,500.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
18,770.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
21,400.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
23,960.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
27,590.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
30,330.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
33,150.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
38,880.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
41,987.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
109,480.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
118,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
127,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
138,600.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
148,500.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
158,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
172,500.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
23rd Energy Level
181,380.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.29 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.10 eV   
25
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
25   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
25   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
30   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
25   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
127.00 pm   
99+
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
54.94 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
1.39 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Chromium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Iron
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
220.00 (-eV)   
2
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
891.25 pm   
1
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.21 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.95 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
12
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
120.00 GPa   
14
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
198.00 GPa   
12
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.21   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
1.44 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.48 J/(kg K)   
11
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
7.81 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
21.70 µm/(m·K)   
21
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
219.70 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.64 kJ/mol   
23
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
280.30 kJ/mol   
38
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
32.00 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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