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Thorium vs Rhodium

Thorium
Rhodium
Rhodium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Rh   
Group Number
0   
18
9   
9
Period Number
7   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440166   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
William Hyde Wollaston   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1804   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
6 * 10-8 %   
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.0000002 %   
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.00 %   
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
NA   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
Not Available   
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
1,966.00 °C   
12
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
3,727.00 °C   
17
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
6.00   
6
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
980.00 MPa   
9
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
1,100.00 MPa   
9
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
4,700.00 m/s   
15
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
84.00 %   
4
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Rh   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
16   
23
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
2.28   
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.45   
16
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.56   
24
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
1.72   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
719.70 kJ/mol   
29
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,740.00 kJ/mol   
26
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,997.00 kJ/mol   
27
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
1.28 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
4.98 eV   
6
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
45   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Kr] 4d8 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
45   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
58   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
45   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
142.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
102.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Ruthenium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Palladium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
64.00 (-eV)   
22
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
380.34 pm   
27
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
12.41 g/cm3   
28
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
10.70 g/cm3   
14
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
951.00 MPa   
5
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
0.02 (Pa)   
19
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
150.00 GPa   
6
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
275.00 GPa   
5
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
380.00 GPa   
5
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.26   
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
12.41   
20
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
43.30 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.21 106/cm Ω   
8
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
109.70 kJ/mol   
7
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.24 J/(kg K)   
22
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
24.98 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
150.00 W/m·K   
9
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
8.20 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
495.40 kJ/mol   
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
21.76 kJ/mol   
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
556.50 kJ/mol   
12
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
31.50 J/mol.K   
99+
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