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Rhodium vs Thorium

Rhodium
Thorium
Thorium vs Rhodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh  
Th  
Group Number
9  
9
0  
18
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440166  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1804  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C  
12
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C  
17
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa  
10
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa  
15
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s  
19
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.40  
7
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rh  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28  
4
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.28  
5
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.28  
4
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.56  
27
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol  
27
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol  
27
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
11
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
3,480.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
23
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
39
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
36
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
30
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
24
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
23
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
22
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
28
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol  
29
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
719.00 kJ/mol  
23
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
45  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
45  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
58  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
45  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm  
99+
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ruthenium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Palladium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm  
30
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.73  
7
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3  
30
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3  
35
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa  
5
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)  
19
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa  
6
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa  
5
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa  
5
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.26  
22
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.41  
32
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω  
8
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol  
8
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
22
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K  
9
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
2,237.00 K  
13
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol  
16
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol  
10
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol  
16
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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