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Rhodium vs Thorium

Rhodium
Thorium
Thorium vs Rhodium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh   
Th   
Group Number
9   
9
0   
18
Period Number
5   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440166   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
  • Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1804   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
  • It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
Not Available   
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C   
12
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C   
17
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00   
6
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa   
9
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa   
9
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s   
15
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
84.00 %   
4
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rh   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16   
23
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28   
3
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45   
16
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.56   
24
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol   
29
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol   
26
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol   
27
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV   
6
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
45   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
45   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
58   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
45   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ruthenium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Palladium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm   
27
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3   
28
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3   
14
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa   
5
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)   
19
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa   
6
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa   
5
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa   
5
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
22
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.41   
20
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω   
8
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
22
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K   
9
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)   
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol   
12
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol   
10
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol   
12
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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