Rhodium Thorium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Rh
Th
Group Number
9
9
0
18
Period Number
5
7
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
CAS Number
7440166
99+
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1804
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %
25
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
36
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
NA
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
Not Available
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,966.00 °C
12
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C
17
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa
9
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa
9
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s
15
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
84.00 %
4
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rh
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
16
23
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.28
3
1.30
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45
16
1.11
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.56
24
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.72
99+
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol
29
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol
26
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol
27
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV
6
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
45
99+
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
45
99+
90
28
Number of Neutrons
58
99+
142
15
Number of Electrons
45
99+
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
142.00 pm
99+
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
102.91 amu
99+
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)
22
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
380.34 pm
27
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm3
28
11.72 g/cm3
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm3
14
Not Available
Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa
5
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)
19
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa
6
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa
5
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa
5
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.26
22
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.41
20
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m
99+
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω
8
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
22
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K
99+
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K
9
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol
12
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol
10
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol
12
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K
99+
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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