Thorium Rhodium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Rh
Group Number
0
18
9
9
Period Number
7
5
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440166
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1829
In 1804
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
NA
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
Not Available
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
1,966.00 °C
12
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
3,727.00 °C
17
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
980.00 MPa
9
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
1,100.00 MPa
9
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
4,700.00 m/s
15
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
84.00 %
4
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Rh
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
16
23
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
2.28
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.45
16
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.56
24
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
1.72
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
719.70 kJ/mol
29
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,740.00 kJ/mol
26
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,997.00 kJ/mol
27
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
1.28 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
4.98 eV
6
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
45
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
45
99+
Number of Neutrons
142
15
58
99+
Number of Electrons
90
28
45
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
142.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
102.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
64.00 (-eV)
22
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
380.34 pm
27
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
12.41 g/cm3
28
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
10.70 g/cm3
14
Tensile Strength
Not Available
951.00 MPa
5
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
0.02 (Pa)
19
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
150.00 GPa
6
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
275.00 GPa
5
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
380.00 GPa
5
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.26
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
12.41
20
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
43.30 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.21 106/cm Ω
8
Electron Affinity
Not Available
109.70 kJ/mol
7
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.24 J/(kg K)
22
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
24.98 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
150.00 W/m·K
9
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
8.20 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
495.40 kJ/mol
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
21.76 kJ/mol
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
556.50 kJ/mol
12
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
31.50 J/mol.K
99+
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