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Thorium vs Copper

Thorium
Copper
Copper vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Cu   
Group Number
0   
18
11   
7
Period Number
7   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440508   
37
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1829   
In Middle East (9000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
6 * 10-6 %   
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.00007 %   
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.01 %   
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
8
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
8
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
26.00 p.p.m.   
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
1,084.62 °C   
40
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
2,562.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Copper   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
235.00 MPa   
38
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
343.00 MPa   
28
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
90.00 %   
3
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Cu   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.90   
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.49   
14
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.85   
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.10   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
745.50 kJ/mol   
22
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,957.90 kJ/mol   
15
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,555.00 kJ/mol   
15
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5,536.00 kJ/mol   
12
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,200.00 kJ/mol   
9
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
25,600.00 kJ/mol   
13
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
35,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
38,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
46,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
50,200.00 kJ/mol   
10
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
53,700.00 kJ/mol   
12
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,100.00 kJ/mol   
10
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
64,702.00 kJ/mol   
11
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
163,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
174,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
184,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
198,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
1.19 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
4.65 eV   
11
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
29   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Ar] 3d10 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
29   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
35   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
29   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
140.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
63.55 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
34.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
361.49 pm   
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
8.96 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
8.02 g/cm3   
27
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
1.53 (Pa)   
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
48.00 GPa   
15
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
140.00 GPa   
12
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
120.00 GPa   
17
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.34   
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
8.89   
34
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m   
5
Susceptibility
Not Available   
-9.63 * 10-6   
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
16.78 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.60 106/cm Ω   
2
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.38 J/(kg K)   
15
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
24.44 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
401.00 W/m·K   
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
16.50 µm/(m·K)   
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
283.70 kJ/mol   
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
7.11 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
338.90 kJ/mol   
29
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
33.20 J/mol.K   
99+
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