1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Actinide
Transition Metal
1.7 CAS Number
74403267440575
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Unknown
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %6 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.10 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.12 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.3 Present in Human Body
3.2.4 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.6 In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,750.00 °C1,064.43 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C2,807.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.5 Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa194.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.8 Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa216.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s2,030.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.3 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.4 Electronegativity
5.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.5.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.1.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
6.4.2 Allen Electronegativity
6.5 Electropositivity
6.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
6.6 Ionization Energies
6.6.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol890.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
6.6.3 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol1,980.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
6.7.2 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/molNA
1600
34230
6.7.4 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
6.7.6 5th Energy Level
6.8.1 6th Energy Level
6.8.2 7th Energy level
6.9.1 8th Energy Level
6.11.1 9th Energy Level
6.12.1 10th Energy Level
7.1.2 11th Energy Level
7.1.4 12th Energy Level
7.2.1 13th Energy Level
7.4.2 14th Energy Level
7.4.3 15th Energy Level
7.4.5 16th Energy Level
7.5.2 17th Energy Level
7.5.4 18th Energy Level
7.5.5 19th Energy Level
7.5.7 20th Energy Level
7.6.1 21st Energy Level
7.6.2 22nd Energy Level
8.1.4 23rd Energy Level
8.1.6 24th Energy Level
8.1.7 25th Energy Level
8.2.3 26th Energy Level
8.2.4 27th Energy Level
8.2.6 28th Energy Level
8.2.8 29th Energy Level
8.2.9 30th Energy Level
9.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr2.45 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.4 Electron Work Function
9.6 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.3 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
10.4 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
10.6.1 Number of Neutrons
10.7.2 Number of Electrons
10.8 Radius of an Atom
10.8.1 Atomic Radius
179.80 pm151.00 pm
112
265
10.8.3 Covalent Radius
206.00 pm144.00 pm
96
260
10.8.4 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm166.00 pm
139
348
10.10 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu196.97 amu
6.94
294
10.11 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol10.20 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.12 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.12.1 Previous Element
10.12.2 Next Element
10.13 Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)43.40 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.14 Lattice Constant
508.42 pm407.82 pm
228.58
891.25
10.15 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
10.16 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm319.30 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)67.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa27.00 GPa
1.3
222
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa180.00 GPa
1.6
462
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa79.00 GPa
1.7
528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m2.20 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.45 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K25.42 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K318.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)14.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol324.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol12.55 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol364.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K47.40 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1