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Thorium vs Lutetium

Thorium
Lutetium
Lutetium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Lu  
Group Number
0  
18
Not Available  
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7439943  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Metal dust of Lutetium element is highly explosive.
  • Lutetium metal is corrosion resistance and acts stable in air.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Georges Urbain and Carl Auer von Welsbach  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1906  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %  
9
1 * 10-8 %  
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %  
9
~0.0000001 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Lutetium metal is used outside research. It has commercial uses like Industrial catalyst for cracking oil refineries of hydrocarbons .
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
NA  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
Not Available  
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
29
Not Available  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
1,652.00 °C  
19
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
3,402.00 °C  
19
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
NA  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
12
Not Available  
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
29
893.00 MPa  
10
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
29
1,160.00 MPa  
8
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
36
Not Available  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th  
Lu  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
32
1.27  
34
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
29
1.14  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.73  
20
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
523.50 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,022.30 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
28
5th Energy Level
Not Available  
6,445.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
24
2.18 g/amp-hr  
23
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
32
3.30 eV  
33
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90  
28
71  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
71  
99+
Number of Neutrons
142  
15
104  
30
Number of Electrons
90  
28
71  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
15
174.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
187.00 pm  
20
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
15
221.00 pm  
22
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
174.97 amu  
40
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
20
17.78 cm3/mol  
30
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Ytterbium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Hafnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
23
50.90 (-eV)  
26
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
14
350.31 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
1.59  
10
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
32
9.84 g/cm3  
38
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available  
9.30 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
3.18 (Pa)  
11
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
21
27.20 GPa  
26
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
22
47.60 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
24
68.60 GPa  
30
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.26  
21
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
NA  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
23
9.84  
29
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
582.00 nΩ·m  
9
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
31
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available  
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
0.15 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
30
26.86 J/mol·K  
24
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
16.40 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
36
9.90 µm/(m·K)  
40
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
355.90 kJ/mol  
22
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
18.70 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
398.00 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
51.00 J/mol.K  
30
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