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Lutetium vs Thorium

Lutetium
Thorium
Thorium vs Lutetium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Lu   
Th   
Group Number
Not Available   
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7439943   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Metal dust of Lutetium element is highly explosive.
  • Lutetium metal is corrosion resistance and acts stable in air.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georges Urbain and Carl Auer von Welsbach   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1906   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Lutetium metal is used outside research. It has commercial uses like Industrial catalyst for cracking oil refineries of hydrocarbons .
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
Not Available   
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,652.00 °C   
19
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
3,402.00 °C   
19
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
893.00 MPa   
10
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa   
8
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Lu   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.27   
34
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.14   
28
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.73   
20
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
523.50 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,340.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,022.30 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol   
28
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
6,445.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.18 g/amp-hr   
23
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
3.30 eV   
33
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
71   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
71   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
104   
30
142   
15
Number of Electrons
71   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
174.00 pm   
20
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
187.00 pm   
20
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
221.00 pm   
22
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
174.97 amu   
40
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
17.78 cm3/mol   
30
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Ytterbium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Hafnium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
50.90 (-eV)   
26
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
350.31 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
10
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.84 g/cm3   
38
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.30 g/cm3   
22
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
33
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
3.18 (Pa)   
11
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.20 GPa   
26
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
47.60 GPa   
23
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
68.60 GPa   
30
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
21
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.84   
29
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
582.00 nΩ·m   
9
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)   
36
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.86 J/mol·K   
24
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
16.40 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.90 µm/(m·K)   
40
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
355.90 kJ/mol   
22
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
18.70 kJ/mol   
13
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
398.00 kJ/mol   
20
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
51.00 J/mol.K   
30
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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